Strategic Information System †Current Issues

our site bespoke ESSAY WRITING PUBLIC HEALTH DISSERTATION TOPICS Expanding Access to health alimonyAccording to the World wellness Organization (2011), the main challenges of health mission systems are connect to managing competing demands and multiple objectives.Building effective strategic knowledge frames can help health care providers expand coverage to inelegant areas, and overcome breastworks of entree through finding alternative methods of information substitute and delivery.OpportunitiesNgafeeson (2014) lists the main opportunities of strategic information systems application in healthcare as followsBiomedical research Developing prevention and treatment standards Care delivery Linking national and regional registries Decision-support ChallengesBlumenthal (2009) states that the resistance in the profession is the main barrier of babe integration. Further challenges listed by Ngafeeson (2014) areLack of integration among systems confound standards Lack of well-d eveloped exchange systems Cost restraints Potential BenefitsThe main potential benefits of SIS on the health care system to successfully deal with demographic challenges areAccessibility (rural residents access to care) Cost savings Improved tonus of care Education opportunities remotely Collaboration among departments (Rudowski 2008). Emerging Themes Clinical termination support systems can support primary care providers (Berner 2009) Rural access improvement through internet doctor services (Wood 2004) Data archeological site capability building to develop knowledge about trends (Ngafeeson 2014) Instant quislingism methods development Current Initiatives Chronic Disease Management Program in New Zealand helped deliver adequate diabetes control (Rudowski 2008) transmission of ECG symbol directly from the ambulance to invasive cardiology centre (Rudowski 2008) Teleradiology Application of SIS in Health CareBerner (2009) lists possible areas of adaptation asPreventive care (iden tifying hazard populations) Diagnosis (database updates) Treatment plans (guidelines, templates) Cost reduction (duplicate test alert, for example) Follow-up circumspection (alerts)(Berner 2009).Future Outlook and ResearchHoque, Hossin, and caravanserai (2016) states that strategic Information Systems intend (SISP) will benefit developing countries more.The authors also define different stages of SISPStrategic awareness Situation analysis Strategy conception Strategy construction Strategy implementation SIS Challenges Difficulty to secure commitment study for readying and development Lack of IT support Underdeveloped technological milieu IT leader selection and recruitment Issues with implementation and project management(Hoque, Hossin, and Khan 2016)ConclusionSeveral opportunities exist in improving health care access, diagnosis accuracy, and information flow in the health care system, related to the development of SIS.The main barriers of implementation were found to be la ck of training opportunity, personnel resistance, and lack of IT leadership.ReferencesBerner, E.S., 2009. Clinical decision support systems state of the art. AHRQ publication, 90069.Hoque, M.R., Hossin, M.E. and Khan, W., 2016. Strategic Information Systems Planning (SISP) Practices In Health Care Sectors Of Bangladesh. European scientific Journal, 12(6).Ngafeeson, M.N., 2015. Healthcare Information Systems Opportunities and Challenges. In Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, deuce-ace Edition (pp. 3387-3395). IGI Global.Rudowski, R., 2008. Impact of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on Health Care. incision of Medical Informatics and Telemedicine, Medical University of Warsaw, Poland.WHO. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2011. A System of Health Accounts 2011. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.Wood, J., 2004. Rural health and healthcare A north west perspective. Institute for Health Research, Lancaster Univ ersity.

Balancing of Rotating Machines

BALANCING OF ROTATING MACHINES The first involvement to be explored to control tingles is to try to alter the source so that it produces slight vibration. This method may not always be feasible. Some examples of the sources of vibration that rear endnot be altered are earthquake excitation, atmospheric turbulence, road roughness, and locomotive combustion instability. On the other hand, accepted sources much(prenominal) as imbalance in rotating or reciprocating machines quarter be altered to reduce the vibrations.This can be achieved, usually, by using either internal match or an increase in the precision of machine elements. The use of close tolerances and fail surface finish for machine parts (which have relative apparent motion with respect to one another) make the machine less susceptible to vibration. Of course, on that point may be economic and manufacturing constraints on the degree of reconciliation that can be achieved or the precision with which the machine pa rts can be made. The presence of an fiber or unbalanced mass in a rotating disc causes vibration, which may be acceptable up to a certain level.If the vibration caused by an unbalanced mass is not acceptable, it can be eliminated either by removing the eccentric mass or by adding an cost mass in such a position that it cancels the effect of the unbalance. In order to use this procedure, we need to determine the amount and location of the eccentric mass experimentally. The unbalance in practical machines can be attributed to such irregularities as machining errors and variations in sizes of bolts, nuts, rivets, and welds. In this section, we shall consider two types of balancing The placid unbalance can be corrected by removing (drilling) metal at the chalk mark or by adding a weight at 180 from the chalk mark. Since the magnitude of unbalance is not know, the amount of square to be removed or added must be determined by trial and error. This procedure is called single-plane bala ncing, since all the mass lies practically in a single plane. The single-plane balancing procedure can be used for balancing in one plane that is, for rotors of the rigid disc type.If the rotor is an extensive rigid body, the unbalance can be anywhere along the aloofness of the rotor. In this case, the rotor can be balanced by adding balancing weights in any two planes. For convenience, the two planes are usually elect as the end planes of the rotor. However, in many practical applications, such as turbines, compressors, electric motors, and pumps, a heavy rotor is mounted on a lightweight, flexible shaft that is supported in bearings. There will be unbalance in all rotors due to manufacturing errors.These unbalances as well as other effects, such as the stiffness and damping of the shaft, gyroscopic effects, and fluid rubbing in bearings, will cause a shaft to bend in a complicated manner at certain revolutional speeds, known as the whirling, whipping, or critical speeds. Whirli ng is defined as the rotation of the plane made by the line of centers of the bearings and the bent shaft. Reference marry http//classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

Practice English Language Essay

These days we are far more than freehanded of tabu delivery It no longer has the tycoon to shock or offend. Discuss. Why are we more accepting of restrict speech right away? Increased tradition, brotherly groups that rehearse proscribed vocabulary to build solidarity/ rise others. What are the social purposes of taboo wording? Support group solidarity, micturate social aloofness, dispute authority, ready Identity In what situations would taboo language be shocking or offensive, and when would it be expected/tolerated?Within a social group, speaking with family or the elderly, speaking with a figure of authority. submission We are more accepting of taboo language beca engross it is apply more much in society. Social groups enjoyment it very often to establish group solidarity, a large portion of the population use it regularly to emphasis a point or showing distaste. People use it to alienate others to create social outperform, or to challenge authority and thereof create a self-identity. Context plays a massive role In determining whether taboo language use Is tolerated or acceptable, and can definitely shock or offend, in spite of appearance certain mount.Body Paragraph 1 taboo language utilize to establish group solidarity or employ plain to create emphasis r show distaste out(p) language can be utilise by an individual to show endure to a group which uses such language, or can oerly be used by an individual to show that they are a segment of standard society People do this to address their need to belong to a group, or as well to befriend/decrease social distance amongst a nonher social group taboo language is withal used in casual conversation to emphasis or show distaste. Allows people to show strong views on particular topics, which back ups to develop ones identity.In allow circumstances, Is neither shocking nor offensive. Body Paragraph 2 Taboo language can be used to alienate/offend and also to challenge figures of authority. Taboo language used to display a contrast between individuals, or to upset/anger through to create social distance and separation between individuals or entire social groups, become whimsical and noniced Taboo language can also be used to challenge figures or bodies of authority, by going against typical social conventions Done to display rebellious nature and create an identity for ones self.Deliberately shocking or offensive in these circumstances Conclusion Taboos offensiveness Is capable on context Taboo soul has the potential to shock/offend Taboo is tolerated more in certain contexts due to its increase in usage is becoming far more widely tolerated. Social groups use taboo language to establish group solidarity, and in wider society, taboo language is much used to create emphasis or to signal distaste. However, taboo language can also play a more cast out role.Often, taboo language is used to attack or alienate others, in nightclub to create social distance. It can also be employed to challenge figures of authority in enjoin to go against social expectations, which can help to create ones identity. Independent of taboo languages particular function, whether it is accepted or not is heavily dependent on context. Taboo language still maintains its power to shock or offend, within certain context. Taboo language is used often by social groups to establish solidarity within the group, and can also be used to create emphasis or show distaste.Individuals in a social group often seek to display their be to such a group, so as to fulfill their need to checker in and be accepted. Often, members of a social group will refer to for each one other with the assistance of taboo, in order to establish their belonging to the group. In one such example, two teenagers aboard a Melbourne train were comprehend to refer to each other with tags such as dickhead or coco. Through using taboo lexemes, each interlocutor showed their show in thei r social group, and in this case, taboo language did not serving the purpose of shocking nor offending.In a wider perspective, individuals in society whitethorn use taboo language to show their belonging to normal or ordinary society. Members of Australian government have on many occasions used profanity to close the social distance between themselves and standard society, such as the case of Tim Holding, Water see, tweeting Cant believe Im saying this but, no sit. . In this case, the use of taboo did not cause offense as the lexeme sit is very frequently used by members of standard society, instead, using taboo enabled the Water Minister to better convey his point of view to the public.Aside from social objectives, taboo is also used in conversation to emphasise a point world made. Teenagers most notably do this, with the use of profanity. Teenagers often emphasize negative outcomes with profanity, such as It was bucking ridiculous, a statement made by a Melbourne student with regard to an exam. In all of these instances, taboo does not shock or offend people due to the function it is serving, whether that may be to establish group solidarity, to show belonging to society, or to emphasize in regular conversation.This does not mean, however, that taboo language has lost its king to shock or cause offense. A core function of taboo language is to intentionally offend or alienate individuals. Taboo contains within it a large vocabulary of vilifying language which members of society have employ frequently, both intentionally and unintentionally, causing offense to the recipient of the comment. Eddie McGuire has gotten himself into trouble legion(predicate) times after using taboo language that has racially vilified some other person.After making a comparison between an Australian football player of ancient decent and King Kong, the FALL community was shocked by the remark, and the footballer himself, Adam Geodes, claimed to be extremely offended. This of fensive form of taboo has also been utilized by individuals who seek to challenge figures of authority in order to display their own rebellious identity. Last month in an Australian address, a person was found to be in contempt of court after swearing at a Judge SE of taboo language as it was being used to display rebellion and prune for a legal body.It is clear that the offensiveness of taboo language is dependent on the situation in which it is used. Whether taboo is tolerated by society or considered offensive is heavily dependent on the context in which it is used. Taboo language is often accepted when it is used by participants of equal social standing in conversation, and has the increased potential to be offensive when used by participants of a differing, or high social status. Taboo is tolerated in casual, non- pacific topics of conversation due to its increase in usage over time, especially when being used merely to emphasize a point, and not to intentionally offend or al ienate.Taboo language carries its shock value with it in scenarios where taboo would not be expected where taboo is not regularly used. Judicial settings do not warrant the use of taboo and so when it is used, it can shock society and offend the recipients of such language. Taboo language, ultimately, cannot be solely classed as either tolerable or offensive, but rather, the context in which it is used must be considered in order to instruct its reception by society.

Cell Phone Should Be Banned in High School

Hussein Hmood ENG, 1101 Mrs. Myers Cell Phone should be banned in high school When I was in high school, I saw many students in school using prison cellular tele resound squalls. The students were hypothetical to come to school to learn, but instead they were texting. I was one of those students. I did not pay attention in class and my grades began to drop. Finally my p bents took my cell earphone away, and my grades started to go up from personal experience, I know cell phones should be banned in high school. Cell phones distraction in class.Student would be texting each other or performing with their cell phone instead of listening and give attention to the give lessonser. Jesse Scccia English instructor from stark naked York said when I was teaching, all too often I false around from writing something on the blackboard to mention students text communicate or otherwise playing with their phones. When student playing with their cell phone and texting each other they ar e not listing or erudition anything, which mean they wasting the teacher time by not paying attention to the teacher and playing with their cell phone.Cell phone in schoolroom effect teachers teaching in class, when a teacher trying to teach in class and student be listing to music, texting, playing games or watching movies in the internet. Eventually, the teacher notices and warns them that their phones will be confiscated. The phones disappear with backward obedience until the next opportunity arises to surreptitiously pull them out again. By doing that the teacher going to be distracted from teach by having to bear witness students to stop playing with their phones.When the teacher think about the student playing with their cellphone the quality of teaching going to go dawn because the teacher going to sustentation thinking some student playing with their phone the teacher going to keep to turn around trying to find the once that using their cellphone. cell phones mass caus e equipageer by students by looking up answers during test and quizzes. For example, one of the students during class sends answers to his friends and it go along to other students cell phones are causing problem for others students because not cheating students work hard and those cheating ruin integrity of the class.Although all parents do not agree about cell phone use hurts students. The untested York time had an article that said, If my children are not allowed to keep their phones during the school day off and in their backpack or lockers the school is governing my parenting and childrens behavior during non-school time the school has no such right. However, these parents are incorrect, and are somewhat helping the cheating continue.These parents who feel their child should be allowed to keep his/ her phone clearly do not understand how it is hurting a childs education. Mobile phones batch cause a distraction. They can disturb teachers and students. For example, if I was working hard on a composing of work, trying to concentrating, and a students phone rings, it disrupts the whole class. I may become side-tracked or the teacher may be interrupt during speaking to the class. Teaching would be constantly disrupted if this kept happening.Education standards would deteriorate. tone then at long term effects, if this was happening every day, you would be wasting five minutes a day, so nearly half(prenominal) an hour a week, and so that would be over ten hours a year of disruption. Also, mobile phones provide a large temptation to cheat in tests. They can communicate to almost anywhere and anyone in the world. Because they are small, students can quietly and discreetly send a text and it can go unnoticed. You got to school to learn, not to waste time playing games or cheating in tests.

Barn Burning Essay

William Faulkners short story, bacillus Burning, can be interpreted as a coming of age story. The main character, Sarty, is a young male child who is forced to choose between following morals and financial support his become. passim the text the reader sees that he is torn between the two, non hoary enough to put his foot down and say no, besides not young enough to continue on blissfully una fightgon. Right from the informant paragraph, Sarty is sitting in the binding of the Justice of Peaces court. Faulkner paints this escort of the little boy crouched on his nail keg at the back of the crowded room (Faulkner 493).From this simple sen ten dollar billce, the reader sees Sarty as a weak, meaningless character in the story. His father is accused of burning an enemys barn. Our enemy he thought in that despair ourn Mine and hisn two Hes my father (Faulkner 493). This sentence indicates that the 10 year aged(prenominal) boy knows to support his occupation relations. Howev er, when he is called to the Justice he thinks, He aims for me to lie and I will assume to do it, (Faulkner 494) which indicates that the boy knows the truth, and stock-still though to support his father would be lying, thats what he involve to do.He continues to call the neighbor an enemy in his head, but when it comes to cosmos questioned he freezes up. From this moment the reader begins to experience the battle inside Sartys head that continues end-to-end the story. That is, the battle between right and wrong, family or betrayal. In that moment of frozen nerves, Sarty feels, As if he had swung outward at the finish of a grape vine, over a ravine, and at the top of the cross had been caught in a prolonged instant of mesmerized gravity, weightless in time. (Faulkner 494. ) This quote holds an abundance of symbolism abot the position Sarty was put in. He was momently stuck in this weightless, timeless, unknowing moment, swung out over a ravine suggesting that if he allow go , if he give in to his own morals, he could be flung into a world of pain. The grapevine is a universal symbol of rebirth or new beginning. Every spring, new green shoots spring up along gnarled, twisted old branches like life from death. For Sarty, resisting his father would be a new beginning.As they walk out of the court, a boy wispers Barn burner (Faulkner 495), and Sarty jumps at him trying to hit him. This indicates that in the beginning Sarty still sticks to his note and tries to defend his father. However, we still see indications of the internal battle that Sarty is fighting throughout the story. Sarty then portrays independence towards his mother when she is trying to pamper his wounds and wash glum the blood. He refuses to admit that it hurts, and tells his mother, Ill wash it to-night Lemme be, I tell you. (Faulkner 495).It is confounding that he wants so much to please his father but dialog back to his mother in such a way, up to now when shes the one trying to help him while his father doesnt have his best interests at heart. This is an instance of a childish need to pull together approval. He knows that his mother c atomic number 18s nigh him and approves of most of his actions, but it is his father that he knows he has to work for. His father wants him to grow up, and to be a man. Abner tells his son, Youre getting to be a man. You got to learn. You got to learn to stick to your own blood or you aint going to have any blood to stick to you. (Faulkner 496). Sartys dad believes that festering up means supporting your family. However, in truth, if Sarty were to grow up he would realize that his fathers actions were immoral and stand up to him. These words make an impact on Sarty, nonetheless, because the next day, when they arrive at their new house and his father drags him aside, the narrator remarks, A week ago or before last night, that is he would have asked where they were going, but not now. (Faulkner 496). A week ago a naive , ignorant Sarty would have questioned his father.But after their talk he gained a new perspective, not quite becoming independent or growing up, but rather a better understanding of discretion. Before they even reach the house, Sarty points out the oak and cedar trees, both symbolic of volume and endurance. Also, the honeysuckle and roses which line the gate symbolise love and caring. When they get to the entrance, they are greeted by a big gate with pillars and a long puzzle leading up to the coloumed pillars of the manor. This demonstrates the wealth and prestige of the manor. When Sarty sees the house he nowadays thinks of a courthouse. He forgets about the terror and despair his father has caused him and they are replaced by a surge of peace and joy whose reason he could not have thought into words. (Faulkner 497). The comfort that Sarty finds in this authoritative edifice is predictive of his resistance to his father later on. Next Major de Spain takes Abner to the topi cal anaesthetic courthouse after he refuses to pay the twenty bushels of corn he was need to provide. The court decides to lower the amount to ten bushels, which is an extremely reasonable harm to pay for ruining a rug of such value.However, as they are leaving, Sarty says to his father He wont git no ten bushels neither. He wont git one. Well (Faulkner 502). Not only is he passionately taking his fathers side in this quote, but he also refers to himself and Abner as We, suggesting a stronger emotional bond in this moment. None of this matters once they get home, and Abner sends Sarty out to the varn to get the can of oil. Sarty knows what his father is going to do, and contemplates running away, but he tells himself he cant. Then, when Abner forces Sartys mother to hold him down to prevent Sarty from running away, the whole outlook changes.I believe this is the moment when Sarty realizes how his father has misused him and that he has the business leader to be independent. So, he struggles away from his mother and when he bursts through the bet door of the glowing manor he babbles to the white man about the barn. During the course of this entire scene Sarty never stops running. He runs away from not only his childhood subordination, but also the hopeless dependence of his mother, the laziness of his sisters, and the careless mindset of his brother.He runs away from all the negativity, and to that extent when all alone, Sarty thinks, He was brave e was He was in the war He was in Colonel Sartoris cavry (Faulkner 505). Still blindly defending his father, and yet, without realizing it, he waterfall asleep. At the approach of dawn, and approach of a new day, Sarty has changed once more. He is free of his blood restraints. He went down on down the hill, toward the opprobrious woods within which the liquid silver voices of the birds called unceasing the rapid and pressing beating of the urgent and quiring heart of the late spring night. He did not look bac k. (Faulkner 505).

Florida V Riley Case Brief Essay

Legal Citation 488 U. S. 445, 109 S. Ct. 693, 102 L. Ed. 2d. 835 (1989) Procedural History The respondent, Michael A. Riley, was charged with self-will of marihuana under Florida law. The trail court granted his motion to suppress the administration of Appeals reversed but certified the case to the Florida unconditional butterfly, which rejected the decisiveness of the Court of Appeals and reinstated the trail courts suppression order.The Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari for Florida to review the finish of the Supreme Court of Florida. Question Is surveillance of the interior of the partially covered babys room in a residential backyard from a advantage point of a meat cleaver located cd feet above the babys room constitutes as a search, for which a warrant is demand under the Fourth Amendment and Article I, discussion section 12 of Florida Constitution?Facts In this case, the Pasco County Sheriffs office received an unidentified tip that marijuana was being gr own on the respondents property. When the investigating officer discovered that he was not fitted to consume the contents of the green house by the road. All he was able to see was a wire fence surrounding the mobile plate and the greenhouse with a DO NOT ENTER sign post on the property. He then circled twice over the respondents property in a helicopter at the height of 400 feet.With his naked eye, he was able to see through the openings in the roof, since at that place had been two missing panels, and identify what he thought was marijuana developing in the structure. A warrant was later obtained based on these observations, inveterate the search revealed marijuana growing in the greenhouse. Which lead, the respondent, Michael A. Riley, to be charged with possession of marijuana under the Florida law. Decision No.The surveillance of the interior of the partially covered greenhouse in a residential backyard from a vantage point of a helicopter located 400 feet above the green house does not constitutes as a search for which a warrant is required under the Fourth Amendment and Article I, Section 12 of Florida Constitution because helicopters are not bound by the lower limits of navigable airspace allowed to early(a) aircrafts. Any member of the public could have legally have been wing over Rileys property in a helicopter at the altitude of 400 feet and could have observed Rileys greenhouse.Nothing implied that the helicopter interfered with respondents normal use of the greenhouse or the otherwise parts of the curtilage. Therefore, the police did not violate his Fourth Amendment, right to privacy. sound judgement Reversed Principle of Law The reason the court reserved the decision of the Supreme Court of Florida is because there is nothing in the records that suggest the helicopters fast at 400 feet are sufficiently rare in this dry land to lead substance to respondents claim that he reasonably anticipated that his greenhouse would not be subject t o observation from that altitude.

Anana

Study Guide score about the purpose of this Study Guide This study guide is to sponsor you be aware of the information youll need to know to earn an A* on the Unit Exam for my class. I have also mention the related objectives that may be tested on during the Cambridge Exam at the end of the year. Cambridge ascendants and Key forelands Addressed Theme 1 Government and the mickle 1754-2000 Key Question 1 How did Americans develop the U. S. Political system during the goal from 1754 to 1865? Why did relations between the British and the colonists deteriorate before 1776?How was the constitution created? The writings of John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Tom Paine The Revolutionary War policy-making and military leadership, military events, and their consequences 1775-83 Theme 2 Who Are Americans? Key Question 1 How far did the economic, social, and political status of Native Americans change from 1754 to 2000? Theme 4 America and the World 1754-2010 Key Question 1 How were the borders of the race defined by 1853? How important was the role of France in shaping the borders of U. S. A.? To what tip were war and diplomacy with Brittany important in defining U.S. Borders? VOCABULARY Duties/Tariffs significance Export Revenue Martyr Tyrant/Tyranny Autocratic militia Direct Tax Indirect Tax Loyalists Patriots Aristocracy Monarchy (and hereditary monarchy) double Boycott Tar & Feathering Mercantilism forerunner to imperialism colonies help a mother country become self-sufficient and wealthy idea that no great nation can exist without colonies economic nationalism cumber imports from other countries but encourage exports to other countries.

Stairway to Heaven Analysis

Stairway to Heaven is a ph bingle call that appears to have a little bit of everything that one would look for in music. Although it is greatly varied with many footsteps and rhythms, it still produces a sound that hatful find enjoyable and among the most popular. As mentioned before, Stairway to Heaven dejection be divided into a number of pieces. The first section lasts for some the first two minutes of the margin call. In this section, the energizing Is piano-like and the tempo is preferably slow, ranging from largo to adagio.An acoustic guitar plays a idiom that Is repeated and keep as lead anger Robert Plant begins his vocals virtually fifty here and nows Into the vociferation. An electric guitar so changes the tune which Is repeated In a strophic take manner and alike with an adagio tempo. In total, this slow-moving section lasts for about four minutes. The second section of the straining begins with the introduction of drums to accompany the electric guit ar and vocals. This section is meteoric than the first, having a sensory systemrator tempo.The previous tune is still play albeit with some summercater and a to a greater extent lively sound. This includes the vocals, which likewise move faster with the instruments and spill a variation of the first sections vocals. There is still a strophic form contained in the second section, although the chorus is represented by the instruments rather than singing. close five and a half(prenominal) minutes into the stress, the rhythm and melody of the song changes again. This next section contains no vocals, only the sounds of electric guitar and drums.A guitar solo played In an allegretto-allegro form dominates the section, which Is somewhat syncopated In the first half. The second half of the section is to a greater extent organized. With a rondo form presented as BACKED and played by two electric guitars. In addition, the dynamic has dramatically changed from the beginning it is no lo nger a soft rhythm but more similar to a mezzo forte dynamic. The last-place section of the song brings back vocals and a much faster tempo than the previous sections.The guitar now plays a spartan rock phrase that repeats itself in the background of the vocals. The guitar and vocals go back and forth in ABA form for about forty seconds. Then, in the closing seconds of the song, one guitar plays a flowing phrase while another accompanies It with Its win tune until the last line of the song Is sung In a slow and soft tempo. The song Is sedate of several forms. One Is strophic form while not having a textual chorus, the song contains an Instrumental phrase that acts like a chorus in the first half of the song.There are also many rhythm for more than a couple of minutes. For all the sections of the song, there is polyphony among the vocals and instruments. Robert Plant sings his lines as if they were independent of the guitars, only being consistent with the pace but not the withy o r pitches. The sections of the song, though vastly several(predicate), tend to transition to all(prenominal) other very well. The guitar is responsible for providing a bridge to each section, quiet changing the tempo and tune in between sections.The song is totally in duple meter. This is easier to tell in the first couple sections of the song, where the guitar plays one quarter note after another in an adagio tempo. It is also in major form, especially the last sections. Although the first half of the song is slow and soft, it would still be insider to be in major mode based on the definition of the major key in the westward world. The beat of the song is hardly present in the first half because of the soft notes of the acoustic and electric guitar.However, as the transition from acoustic to hard rock is made, the beats presence is greatly felt during the guitar solo and the last section of the song. Guitar and drums are the dominant instruments used in the song. It contains b oth acoustic and electric guitar, not often seen in songs from the sass-ass. The drums are only present in the second half of he song, and its introduction signaled the transition from alternative to rock. The acoustic guitar is played during the intro to set up the rhythm for the song and is continued during the first vocal lines.This paves the way for the electric guitar to play a different tune with the same quiet feel. Then, during the second section, it gets faster and begins to sound more like a rock song. As it goes on, it changes tempo and rhythm and is lastly played fast and with passion. In addition, one is able to determine which notes the guitar give play as it is more organized than the earlier parts of the song where it was playing all different notes with different pitches and tempo.

Genetics of Obesity Essay

According to the WHO (2010), childishness obesity is ace of the most serious public health challenges of the twenty-first century. Globally, in 2010 the number of over burthen children under the age of 5 is estimated to be over 42 million (WHO, 2010). Obesity corporation be delimit in a number of ways, e.g. by population means, BMI and waist circuit (Odgen, 2012). And according to Kleiser et al (2009), obesity may have several short-term consequences (e.g. social discrimination, lower quality of life, gaind cardiovascular seek factors, diseases resembling asthma) and long-term consequences were obesity is probably to persist into adulthood, were individuals argon more likely to develop noncommunicable diseases e.g. diabetes and cardiovascular disease at a a good deal younger age. It is due to this that a great body of research at heart health psychology has focused on not only the consequences of obesity notwithstanding similarly understanding the causes of obesity, bot h heritable and environmental this is what this see will explore. GeneticsThere have been several theories cat forward by research to best explain the causes obesity and one major potential causes is genetics. Maffeis et al (1998) show that obesity in parents was the crockedest predictor of childhood obesity, regardless of diet or level of activity. Furthermore upstart research has tack support for this claim. Moreover, Wardle et al., (2001, 2006) reported that, controlling for opposite environmental factors, children with obese parents preferred fatty foods, had less liking for vegetables, were more likely to overeat had a laster preference for sedentary activities than did children of normal slant parents. This is further strengthened by more recent research by Kleiser et al (2009) who fix that the strongest determinant of obesity was obesity in parents. disdain the essay for this relationship, Odgen (2012) states that parents and children not only share genetic const itution except also share very similar environments, therefore this relationship in the midst of child and parental obesity could be contributed to either factor. However, according to Barlow (2013) match studies have also have clearly demonstrated a genetic influence on body weight, therefore strengthening the argument for the procedure of genetics in obesity. For instance studies have found 25 40 % of BMI is heritable and identical fit raised apart have been found to have a correlation of .7,only slightly lower than that of twins raised together (Stunkard et al, 1990). Moreover adoption studies have also provided evidence for a genetic component in obesity, Skunkard (1986) found a strong relationship amongst the weight class of the adoptee and their biological parents and interestingly found no relationship with their adoptee parents weight class. seek has also stated that factors much(prenominal) as metabolous rate (Bouchard, 1990) and appetite regulation may also have a role to play in causing obesity. Research in terms of metabolic rate has suggested a low resting metabolic rate is a risk factor for weight gain (Tataranni, 2003), but in fact there is little research to support this. In particular there is no evidence to suggest that overweight peck tend to have slightly higher metabolic rates than delicate people of a similar height (Garrow, 1987 Odgen, 2012). A genetic predisposition may also be related to appetite control. For instance, the discovery of leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, and other hormones that inuence appetite, satiety, and fat distribution provides insight into metabolic mechanisms for physiological risk of obesity (Maes et al, 1997 Gale et al, 2004).Research, although seen to be in its infancy has yielded support, e.g. Farooqi et al (1999) injected 2 participants casual with leptin, which resulted in decreased food uptake and weight loss at a rate of 1-2kg per month. According to Odgen (2012) there is strong evidence for a gene tic basis to obesity, but it is how this genetic bias expresses itself that remains unclear, due to the fact research on lowered metabolic rate has been wide refuted and the genetics of appetite control remain in its infancy. Furthermore, genetic studies are not without their criticisms. For instance small sample size, zygosity needs to be support and again the role of environmental factors cannot be ignored.Behaviour & Environmental factorsthusly in light of the above criticisms research has begun to more fully analyse the extent to which an individuals behaviour and/or environment can influence the development of obesity. As Barlow (2013) states that at a population level, the increase in prevalence is too rapid to be explained by a genetic shift rather, it must result from changes in eating and somatogenic activity behaviours that have shifted. A recent study by Kileser (2009) found independently of other factors, a positive association was observedbetween obesity and low SES, migration background (up to age 13), parental overweight, high weight gain during pregnancy (when the mother is of normal weight), maternal smoking during pregnancy, high birth weight, and high media consumption, as well as a veto association with sleep duration for 3- to 10-year olds.

Reading Response on “Murder on the Orient Express” by Agatha Christie Essay

This obligate is about a detective who boards a train to a have a vacation, however one of the passengers were kill during the night. Therefore, Hercule Poirot interviews everyone to try find the murderer.I re altogethery enjoyed this account take for as it got me crack who the murderer is right way through the keep. When I read this book again a found a few clues that I barely read over without noticing them. For example, Mary Debenham says Not now. Not now. When its all over. When its behind us. Then, to Colonel Ar onlyhnot. At this moment Poirot, Mary and Arbuthnot are the unless passengers aboard the train. This is important intimate relationship between Mary and Colonel Arbuthnot is jealous because the two seem like strangers to each other. Even though it is unreadable what Mary is talking about, it is a bit suspicious as what leave be over. When the events start unfolding, Mary and Colonel refuse to tell Poirot what they were talking about.This book made me think of p eople in general and their identity. In the beginning(a) two sections, all the passengers seem correct but in the tertiary section, their identities are revealed. Most of the passengers tell the truth about their names but not their profession or association with the victim. Some of the passengers changed their namesThis book also made me think about justice, as Ratchette was a problematic person and kidnapped the Armstrongs daughter but is found not guilty, so 12 passengers who are associated with the Armstrong family have a plan to kill him to decorate things right. It made me think how sometimes life can be cheating(prenominal) but is it good to avenge someone, especially if they are innocent? This book shows that if it was for the better, then it is fair.

Armageddon: A Reaction Paper Essay

In the movie Armageddon, who argon the evil ones? They are thousands of rocks led by an asteroid the size of Texas that threatens to subvert life on Earth? And who are the good ones? They are a motley makeshift group of old-drillers who allow risk their lives in a daring rocket journey to palliate the reality. A few NASA astronauts and one Russian cosmonaut are excessively thrown in to help steer the two shuttle spacecrafts. So these are the heroes of the movie. only when, except for rig owner and drill expert waste Stamper (played excellently by Bruce Willis), the oil workers are moonlighting criminals. Mobsters as saviors? Is this all way to improve the moral fabric of our country? You would think that a movie closely the extinction of life on Earth would be serious. Not so. The best description of Armageddon is an action-adventure film sprinkled with comedy. Every effort is make to excite and entertain. No effort is made to educate or inform. scientific accuracy is to ssed out the window. The laws of physics are continually violated in order to maximise the drama. What happened to the good old movie classics that tried to indoctrinate us something almost life? It is amazing that the asteroid is able long time in advance to s eat up warning signals consisting of deadly meteor showers.The offshoot one strikes a space station orbiting the Earth. The craft is drilled with holes in advance exploding. The next attack is on New York City. It is pelted with huge meteorites. The Chrysler Building is decapitated, parting the City is decimated. Several days later, Shanghai falls victim. And near the prohibit of the movie, Paris is destroyed by an asteroid fragment. This is one of the few places where a practical digit of an impact is portrayed. The explosion produces a cloud of constellate that surges outward. Paris is totaled. Only a huge crater and the bottom halves of the curl de Triumph and other buildings are left. It is curious how well d irected that these strikes are Despite the unrealistic nature of the movie, it is entertaining and full of action. The frame age is usually no longer than 3 seconds as one image after another flashes on the screen in an effort to maximize the tension. Such rapid-fire images also limit a viewers cleverness to notice the many scientific flaws. A love story amongst Grace Stamper, Harrys daughter played by liv Tyler, and A. J. Frost, a young oil rig worker played by Ben Affleck, adds a romantic element to the movie. Of course, everyone knows that these space-age, spaced out oil drillers testament in the end save us from destruction.In the film, NASA officials meet to hold forth proposals to avert the asteroid catastrophe. The suggestions are laughable Destroy it with lasers? Ameri sack ups have distinctly been watching too many Star Trek episodes. Attach sails to it? This is ludicrous. Whats going to provide the drag? Outer space is virtually empty. there is no wind out there ex cept for the solar wind, which brush off only blow dust and particles and certainly cannot change the direction of a heavy asteriod in a matter of days. Destroy it with nuclear weapons? As correctly stated in the movie, 150 nukes would hardly be sufficient. Although much(prenominal)(prenominal) give ways would produce 150 craters, the asteroid would remain intact. So what plan do they come up with? They propose to drill a hole about 800 feet deep, insert a hydrogen bomb, explode it and split the asteroid in two pieces that leave fly past Earth on either side. If 150 nukes wont do the job, certainly one will not either, even if it is inserted in the asteroid.Can one hydrogen bomb create a crack that stretches crosswise the state of Texas? When it comes to man versus spirit in life-threatening battles, can man always win? When a tornado touches garbage down, can we stop it? When a tsunami or giant wave, speeds across the ocean, can we diminish it? When a volcano is about to erup t, can we extinguish its hot temper? When a hurricane heads towards a populated coastal region, can we divert it? When lightning strikes, can we reflect its flash? The answers to these questions are no. But we can take measures. In most instances, our only recourse is evacuation. In these battles of man versus Nature, Nature is supreme. Solar system scientists classify asteroids with letters such as S, C, M and E. The makers of Armageddon have discovered a truly unusual object that will revolutionize planetary science. From a distance, it appears to be almost comet-like and engulfed in a blue-green cloud. While most asteroids have a topography not so different from the Moons, the Armageddon asteroid has a perfidious terrain of jagged knife-like rocks, steep crevices and pointed mountain peaks.Its surface is as intricate as a crystal chandelier. It is almost as though its stalagmites threaten to pellet Earths heart. But, of course, in reality the danger to Earth is created by the a steroids tremendous kinetic energy, which gets translated into heat, pressure and pounding post upon impact. The Armageddon asteroid is also the first to have a significant airwave and rock storms. Yes, the efforts of our heroes are impeded when dozens of rocks start raining down upon them. Obviously, NASA should have equipped our heroes with steel umbrellas. The air must contain atomic number 8 to feed the sparks of fires that are blown by a sometimes scream wind. There must also be a fifth draw and quarter that holds Stampers crew to the asteroids surface. It cant be gravity. The force of gravity on the Armageddon asteroid is about 20 times weaker than that on Earth. A 180-pound human would weigh only 9 pounds.Armageddon is an action-packed adventure in which National Aeronautics andSpace Administration (NASA) astronauts save the world from a huge asteroid or should we call a orbiculate Killer that can kill even bacteria.It is entitled Armageddon which means the end of all t hings and it came from the bible. Its a nice movie but heaps of arguments, quarrels, andtragic part. I can say that Armageddon is interesting because it is somewhat cerebrate to acquaintance which is my favorite subject. I dont go out some move of it because they speak fast but Id still understand this movie on the way they move. All the scenes in Armageddon seemed real, the explosions, the satellites, the space shuttles traveling and the asteroids falling and crashing to the Earth, all I can say is, amazing I salute all the makers of this movie because they have made Armageddon a realistic one. Armageddon is full package, romance, comedy and action combined into one. It is entertaining and full of action.When the parts of the asteroids are crashing all I can do is to scream. In summary, Armageddon is a wonderful movie but a tragic one.Armageddon is somewhat related to Chemistry. Asteroids are included to Astrochemistry. A giant, global-killing asteroid, like the one that kil led off the dinosaurs 65million years ago is 18 days away from hitting the Earth. The oil drilling is somewhat related to Industrial Chemistry, that is showed on the first part of the movie. atomic bombs are related to Nuclear Chemistry. Bombs that are detonated in the drilled part of the huge asteroid that blew it into pieces. This movie told us some information about Chemistry.

Homework 6

harmonise to the colony theory, the high-income, more-developed nations can improve their standard of living only with a purpose of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in hatfuls beliefs, values, and attitudes toward work. counterfeit According to social scientists, absolute poverty exists when people may be able to afford basic necessities but are unchanging unable to maintain an aver while standard of living it is measured by comparing the actual income against the income earners expectations and perceptions. FalseAnalysts using a victimization framework typically ken industrialization and economic development as essential steps that nations must go through in invest to reduce poverty and increase life chances for their citizens. True * Of all age groups, persons aged 65 and over are the most likely to be uninsured in the United States. False * * Global stratification refers to the unequalised distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a internationa list basis, resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world.True * * Intragenerational mobility is the social battlefront experienced by family members from one generation to the next. Intragenerational mobility may be down(prenominal) as well as upward. False * * Most low-income countries in Africa and southbound America are core nations that are dependent on circumferential nations for capital, have little or no industrialization, and have uneven patterns of urbanization.False * * According to sociologist Immanuel Wallersteins world systems theory, the capitalist world economy is a global system divided into a hierarchy of three major types of nations in which upward or downward mobility is conditioned by the resources and obstacles that characterize the international system. True * * Educational opportunities and life chances are directly linked. Symbolic nteractionists view education as the elevator to so cial mobility. Improvements in the educational movement levels of the poor, people of color, and white women have been cited as evidence that students abilities are direct more important than their class, race, or gender. False * * Low-income countries are primarily hunt down and gathering nations with some industrialization and moderate levels of national and personal income. False * *

The Role of Social Partnership

THE ROLE OF SOCIAL PARTNERSHIP Rory ODonnell From Studies, Volume 90, Number 357 1. Introduction well-disposed fusion has been a plain feature of Irish frugal, mixer and establishmental life in the olden decade and a half. This paper assesses its post in Irelands scotch trans organisation and considers what role it might cook in the years to come. separate 2 outlines the analytical foundations of Irish confederation and Section 3 shows how these be reflected in the 5 partners hip programmes since 1987.Section 4 summarises the self-understanding of all in alliance as a system of bargaining, cellular inclusion and clumsiness. The impact of federation on frugal instruction execution is talk ofed in section 5. The paper close-fitting with consideration of the pressures on partnership and its possible future. 2. The Analytical Foundations of Irish complaisant fusion In 1990, the field of study economic and Social Council (NESC) localize out a model which has informed its subsequent work, and which under dwells the companionable partners understanding of the mathematical dish out.It argued that at that place ar trio requirements for a conformable constitution framework in a small, open, European nation (I) Macroeconomic the frugality must suck up a macroeconomic form _or_ system of government border on which guarantees low inflation and steady exploitation of aggregate require (ii) Distributional there must be an evolution of incomes which ensures competitiveness, which handles distributional issues without disrupting the economy and which is fair (iii) Structural there must be a set of policies which further and promote structural flip in order to nonice competitiveness in an ever changing external environment.The Council argued that, in the Irish case, the first of these requirements is best met by adherence to the European Exchange come out Mechanism (ERM) and transition to EMU. It argued that the second of these requirements is best met by a negotiated role of incomes. To be truely emergenceive, such a negotiated approach must cut across not only the evolution of wage, but as well taxation, the familiar finances, m matchlesstary form _or_ system of government, the main areas of earth provision and tender welfare.In pursuit of the third requirement, the Council advocated a programme of structural reform in taxation, amicable welfare, housing, industrial policy, work force policy and the management of state-supported enterprises. It argued that such reforms are best achieved with the go for and participation of those who work in the agencies and institutions concerned. The inter content orientation of Irish affectionate partnership was further underlined in the 1996 NESC report Strategy into the 21st Century. age globalisation has undermined galore(postnominal) brokers of national economic policy, there remain areas where national policy remains crucial. In a small, open, European democracy like Ireland (I) near of the policies which affect national prosperity are supply-side policies (ii) devoted rapid economic change, national policies must produce flexibility (iii) Successful national supply-side policies, direct towards innovation and competitiveness, depend on the high level sociable viscidity and co-operation that the evince stub both(prenominal) call upon and develop.This put forwards that once a consensus on macroeconomic policy is in place, the main focus of policy should be on the supply-side measures that influence competitive advantage and social inclusion, and on institutional arrangements that allow discovery and implementation of such measures (NESC, 1996). 3. Five Social Partnership Agreements, 1987 to 2001 The content and butt of social partnership has evolved materially since 1987 (ODonnell and OReardon, 1997, 2000).All five programmes overwhelm agreement amidst employers, unions and government on the rate of occupy sum up in both the private and public fields for a three-year fulfilment. The step in of moderate wage increases for tax reductions has remained an important feature of partnership. Beyond cede and tax, the partnership programmes have contained agreement on an ever-increasing range of economic and social policies. A consistent theme has been the macroeconomic parameters of monetary correction, the Maastricht criteria and transition to EMU. some other has been workplace unveiling and the problem of semipermanent unemployment.The 1990 agreement led to the creation of local partnership companiesinvolving the social partners, the association and voluntary sector and state agenciesto design and implement a more than(prenominal) co-ordinated, multi-dimensional, approach to social exception (Sabel, 1996 Walsh et al, 1998). era partnership began by addressing a critical central issue, looming insolvency an economic collapse, it has since foc make use ofd more and more on a range o f entangled supply-side matters. An important feature of Irish social partnership has been the widening of the cover beyond the traditional social partners.The discipline stinting and Social fabrication (NESF) was established and membership of existing deliberative bodies (such as NESC) was widened to include representatives of the community and voluntary sector. The programmes negotiated in 1996 and 2000 involved representatives of the unemployed, womens groups and others addressing social exclusion. Those agreements similarly included measures to promote partnership at enterprise level and agreement on action to modernise the public answer. Using the consistent policy framework outlined in Section 2, we can identify a crucial dual evolution of Irish social partnership.Over the five programmes since 1987, the emphasis has shifted from macroeconomic matters to structural and supply side policies, and the range of supply-side issues has widened to address key constraints on Ir ish growth, such as childcare and life-long learning. This change in the warmness or content partnership has involved a parallel change in rule. While macroeconomic dodging can be agree in high-level talks, complex cross-cutting policies on social exclusion, training, condescension study or childcare cannot be devised and implemented in high-level national deliberation or negotiation.Consequently, to address the growing list of supply-side issues there has been an expanding place of working groups, task-forces, frameworks and forumsinvolving representatives of the various social partners. In a few areas of policysuch as long-term unemployment, rural and urban re-generation and business increase bare-ass institutional arrangements have been crapd involve actors on the ground. + 4. Beyond bargain Deliberation and Problem Solving Shared analysis of economic and social problems and policies has been a key construction of the partnership process.Indeed, that analysis has focus ed on the partnership system itself (NESC, 1996 NESF, 1997). This revealed that a distinction can be make between two conceptions, or dimensions, of partnership 1. Functional interdependence, bargaining and stool qualification. 2. Solidarity, inclusiveness and participation. Effective partnership involves both of these, but cannot be based tout ensemble on either. To fall entirely into the first could be to authorise the ingest that the process simply reflects the queen of the traditional social partners.To adopt a naive inclusivist view would risk reducing the process to a rigorously consultative one, in which all by-lines and groups merely voiced their views and demands. There is a third dimension of partnership, which transcends these two. Bargaining or negotiation describes a process in which each ships company comes with definite preferences and seeks to maximise its gains. But partnership involves the players in a process of deliberation that has the potential to shape and remould their understanding, identity and preferences.This idea is implicit in NESCs description of the process as dependent on a shared understanding, and characterised by a problem- work out approach designed to produce consensus. This third dimension has to be added to the hard-headed notion of bargaining (and to the idea of solidarity) to adequately capture the process. The key to the process would seem to be the adoption of a problem-solving approach. As one experienced social partner put it, The society expects us to be problem-solving. A notable feature of effective partnership experiments is that the partners do not debate their ultimate social visions.This problem-solving approach is a central aspect of the partnership process, and is critical to its effectiveness. This suggests that rather than being the pre-condition for partnership, consensus and shared understanding are more like an outcome. It is a incomparable, if not easily understood, circumstance that delibe ration which is problem-solving and practical produces consensus, even where there are underlying conflicts of interest, and even where there was no shared understanding at the outset. It is also a fact that using that approach to produce a consensus in one area, facilitates use of the same approach in other areas.The key may lie in understanding what kind of consensus is produced when problem-solving deliberation is used. It is generally a provisional consensus to proceed with practical action, as if a certain analytical powering was correct, while holding open the possibility of a palingenesis of goals, way of life and underlying analysis. The word via media is inadequate to describe this type of agreement, since compromise so often fudges the issues that need to be addressed. A similar invoice of the elements and process of concertation has independently emerged in recent work on the Dutch miracle (Visser and Hemerijck, 1997 Visser, 1998).Visser and Hemerijck draw attention to unsanded gangs of centralisation and decentralisation, and emphasise the combination of interest-group talk and expert input which create a common definition of problems. This yielded a problem-solving style of joint decision-making, in which participants are obliged to explain, give reasons and generate responsibility for their decisions and strategies to each other, to their rank and file, and to the general public (Visser, 1998, p. 12). The institutions of concertation work where they facilitate shift from a bargaining style to a problem-solving style.Visser considers that the roughly interesting property of social cencertation lies in the possibility that interest groups define the content of their self-interested strategies in a public-regarding way (Visser, 1998, p. 13). 5. The Impact of Partnership on Economic Performance The period of social partnership has been one of incomparable economic success in Ireland. The country not only break loose from the deep econom ic, social and political crisis of the 1980s, but may have significantly addressed its long-term developmental problems of emigration, unemployment, trade deficits and weak indigenous business development.Under partnership, growth resumed, inflation continued to decline, the budget deficit fell sharply, employment began to recover, but unemployment initially stayed stubbornly high. The European recession of the early mid-nineties and the ERM crisis of 1992-93 interrupted Irelands recuperation somewhat. Strong growth after 1993 produced a dramatic increase in employment, huge budget surpluses and, eventually, a macroscopic reduction in unemployment. The combination of economic growth, tax reductions, reduced interest rates and wage increases yielded a substantial increase in real collect home pay.Between 1987 and 1999, the cumulative increase in real take home pay for a person on average manufacturing earnings was over 35 per cent. The performance of the Irish economy since the m id- nineties, was exceptionally strong, curiously in employment creation. Indeed, between 1994 and 1999, Ireland achieved a 28 per cent increase in employment, while the EU as a whole produced a 3 per cent increase. What role has partnership had in Irelands remarkable economic performance since 1987?The partnership approach would seem to have had a significant impact on the Irish economy, though three impart wage bargaining, crystal clear and consistent macroeconomic policy and change in supply-side factors. Consider first the impact of the partnership approach to wage bargaining. whizz of the to the highest degree striking features of Irish economic performance in the period of partnership has been the conjured profitability of business. Lane demonstrates that the rate of re charm on chief city almost doubled, rising from 8. 6 percent in 1987 to 15. 4 per cent in 1996.The sharp rise in profitability coincides with the formation of a new consensus among the social partners, as formalised in the negotiation of a sequence of national agreements, suggesting that the incomes policy that lies at the heart of a new consensus is an important factor in explaining the income shift from fag to capital (Lane 1999, p. 228). The resulting environment of wage moderation and high profitability is almost surely a key factor in Irelands employment creation, attractor of inward investment and the unprecedented commercial success of indigenous companies (see also Honohan, 1999 McHale, 2000).FitzGeralds econometric study of the Irish labour securities industry unravels him to suggest that the impact of the partnership approach to wage formation has been less significant than many have assumed, since the partnership approach served more to validate the results which market forces had made inevitable (1999. p. 160 and p. 162). The main impact of partnership lay in improved industrial relations, which significantly enhanced economic performance, and the fact that the part nership approach has also contributed to a more coherent approach to economic policy making (FitzGerald, 2000, p. 42).This brings us to the second pack through which partnership influenced the economy. In macroeconomic terms, partnership was an important element in Irelands transition form a high-inflation, volatile and conflictual economy to a low-inflation, stable, economy. In particular, a shared understanding on the position of the Irish economy took the exchange rate, and therefore inflation, outside day-to-day party political competition and industrial relations conflict. This can be contrasted with an approach in which short-termism ruled in economic policy, business decisions and wage setting.Through lots of the post war period, that led the UK to short bursts of economic growth, followed by recessions obligate in order to reduce inflation. Irelands experiment since 1987, partly inoculated it from the abortive combination of macro policy and income determination pursued in Britain for many years. Ireland finally escaped the most negative effects of Britains political business cycle. As a result, it achieved low and predictable inflation combine with strong growth of issue and employment.It has also preserved a high level of social solidarity, which seems an essential pre-requisite to sustaining redistributive policies and addressing issues of structural change and reform in a non-conflictual way. Ray MacSharry, Minister of Finance during the critical period of pecuniary correction, considers that social partnership could well be regarded as the cr professing attainment of the Celtic Tiger economy (MacSharry and White, 2000, p. 144). The third channel of influence on the economy is a supply-side mechanism.This arose because there would seem to be a close connection between settling major(ip) macroeconomic and distributional issues, on the one hand, and constructive engagement with supply-side problems, on the other. Closing-off macroeconomic alte rnatives freed management, union, community and government energies for discussion of real issues that impact on competitiveness and social inclusioncorporate strategy, technical change, training, working practices, the commercialisation of state-owned enterprises, taxation, local re-generation, active labour market policyand forced (almost) all to engage in virtual(prenominal) discussion of change.During the period of Partnership 2000, the Irish economy has been in well(p) circle. rent restraint has enhanced competitiveness, which has been converted into employment growth. This in turn has generated additional tax revenues which have been used to reduce direct taxes and hence underpin wage moderation. Indeed, the success of the 1990s has been so great that the constraints on Irish growth now consist of infrastructural bottlenecks and labour shortages, something I discuss in Section 6. It would clearly be inaccurate to attribute all the success of the Irish economy to social pa rtnership.Partnership enhanced competitiveness, assisted fiscal correction, produced consensus and stability in economic policy, and increased flexibility in both public policy and enterprises. This created the context within which Irelands long-term developmental strategy finally achieved its potential. That strategy involved heavy investment in education, particularly in information technology, attraction of inward investment and integral participation in European integrating (ODonnell, 2000). The Celtic Tiger of the 1990s resulted from the interaction of partnership with a set of supply-side characteristics that nhanced international competitiveness and promote fast economic growth. These included a young, well-educated, English-speaking workforce, improved stem (funded by both the EU and the Irish state), an inflow of leading US enterprises (attracted by both Irish conditions and the deepening European market), a new population of Irish enterprises (free of the debilitating w eaknesses of the past and open to new organisational patterns), and de-regulation of the military service sectors (driven by the completion of the Euroean internal market).The completion of the European internal market internal was a most important factor in the recovery and re-orientation of the Irish economy. One possible limit of consensus is the difficulty of undertaking constitutional action which disrupts entrenched interests in protected parts of both the public and private sector. While social partnership stabilised the economy, European integration produced a steady pressure to make public utilities and services more efficient, consumer-oriented and independent of state subsidy or protection+.Thus, Ireland benefited from an unusual, but benign, combination of institutionalised co-ordinated of the key economic actors and pressure for market conformity (ODonnell, 2000). While the evolution of Irish economic policy in the past xiv years has been marked by a high level of c onsensusbetween the social partners and across the political spectrumthe more liberal and orthodox economists have stood outside the consensus.Their opposition, negligible in policy terms but authoritative in academia and the media, is both to the substance of the prevailing consensus and to the idea and prise of consensus itself. just about have objected to the politicisation of industrial relations because they believe it adds to the bargaining power of trade unionism. Others have argued that the social partners are insiders, whose pay and conditions have been protected at the expense of outsiders who would work for less, and that social partnership has had the effect of raising the level of unemployment and emigration (Walsh and Leddin, 1992).In a recent historical review of Irish development, Haughton says It was fortunate that the wage agreements have coincided with rapid economic growth, because the agreements create considerable rigidity in the labour market (Haughton, 199 8, p. 37). An aspect of the strategy that has particularly provoked orthodox and neo-liberal economists is EMU. Opposition to the negotiated approach to economic and social management is combined, in almost all cases, with a strong adhesion to sterling rather than the euro (e. g Neary and Thom, 1997). 6.The Future of Social Partnership Given pressure on the wage agreement of the Programme for Prosperity and luridness (PPF), many are asking can partnership survive? It seems more useful to consider what is now required in the three elements of the consistent policy frameworkmacroeconomic, distribution and structural changeand to ask what role partnership has in facilitating the necessary policies. Adopting that approach, it is clear that structural issues are urgent and the distributional settlement in place since 1987 is under pressure.The future of partnership revolves around these two. The urgency of structural and supply-side issues was recognised in the PPF. Rapid growth has l ed to bottlenecks in housing, labour supply, childcare, health, transport, telecommunications, electricity generation and waste management. While the primary goal of partnership had been fiscal correction and employment creation, public policy must now aim to increase living standards, enhance the quality of life, achieve infrastructural investment and lay the economic and social foundations for long-term prosperity.Both short term sustainability and long-term prosperity and social cohesion, require a radical improvement in the level, quality and range of services. Does partnership have a role in achieving these structural and supply-side changes? The key to answering this interrogative lies in recognising that many of these require fundamental change in public administration and the organisation of working life. This suggests a first role for social partnership it can help to create a new national consensus for organisational change and continuous improvement.The experience of the past shows that the partners strategic overviewif persuasive, oriented to the wider good and genuinely problem-solvingcan been a critical element in achieving major change in Irish policy. Without a strong consensus on organisational change, pay issues (which do require attention) are likely to crowd out issues of service and organisational capability. In a consensus-oriented system, it is necessary to mobilise consensus to overcome veto points that systems of character reference can create.But the solution of many of these structural and supply-side problems cannot be found in high-level deliberation and bargaining alone. While government is critical, it cannot on its own design and provide the necessary services. We require examination of the content, delivery, supervise and valuation of public policy and services. This recasting of public policy must include reconsideration of the roles of central departments, agencies, professionals, branch offices and citizens in setting go als, delivering services and monitoring performance (ODonnell and Teague, 2000).This suggests a second role for social partnership government, its agencies and the social partners can jointly work out how certain supply-side services can best be provided. But it also demands that the evolution in the method of partnershipfrom high-level negotiation to multi-level problem solvingbe taken much further, to include organisations on the ground and citizens in problem solving and policy design. It is clear that the distributional element of the partnership framework is also under considerable stress and requires re-examination and probably revision.Indeed, it looks likely that all three elements of the distributional settlement require reconsideration wage bargaining, public sector pay determination and social inclusion and the social wage. The pressure on these arrangements is largely a reflection of the dramatic change in the coat and structure of the economy, the new approaches adopt ed within firms and changing patterns of social and family life. Some argue that in the face these pressures we should abandon the partnership approach and bring out the distributional issues to be determined in a completely decentralise way.This ignores a number of co-ordination problems which can hamper economic performance and lead to unfair outcomes. Fully decentralised pay determination, combined with no consensus on tax and public expenditure, can lead to over-shooting and inconsistent claims on the output of the economy. This would cause a loss of competitiveness and employment and leave the weakest most vulnerable. With or without a single national wage norm, Ireland must obtain an approach to distribution which avoids these problems.While partnership began in an attempt to rescue the Irish economy, society and politics from the deep crisis of the 1980s, its development through the 1990s suggests that it should be seen as a part of the dramatic opening, Europeanisation, c ommercialisation and democratisation of Irish society. Since the destination of the society is unknown, so partnership must take new forms, provided it can continue to anticipate and help solve the problems that change throws up. REFERENCES FitzGerald, J. 1999) Wage Formation and the Labour Market, in F. Barry ed. Understanding Irelands Economic Growth, Macmillan, London. Haughton, J. (1998) The dynamics of economic change, in W. Crotty and D. Schmitt, Ireland and the Politics of Change, Longman, London. Honohan, P. (1999) Fiscal and financial Policy Adjustment, in F. Barry ed. Understanding Irelands Economic Growth, Macmillan, London. Lane, P. (1998) pay and wages in Ireland, 1987-1996, Journal of the Social and Statistical Society, Vol XXVII, Part V. MacSharry, R. and White, P. 2000) The making of the Celtic Tiger the Inside Story of Irelands Boom Economy. phellem Mercier Press. McHale, J. (2000) Options for Inflation Control in the Irish Economy, Quarterly Economic Commentary, September 2000. Neary, J. P. and Thom, R. (1997) Punts, Pounds and Euros in Search of an optimum Currency Area, mimeo, University College capital of Ireland. NESC, (1990) A Strategy for the Nineties Economic Stability and Structural Change, Dublin national Economic and Social Council, NESC, (1996) Strategy into the 21st Century, Dublin, National Economic and Social CouncilNESF, (1997) A Framework for Partnership Enriching Strategic Consensus through Participation, Dublin National Economic and Social Forum. ODonnell, R. (1998) Irelands Economic Transformation industrial Policy, European Integration and Social Partnership, University of Pittsburgh, Working Paper no 2. ODonnell, R. (2000) The New Ireland in the New Europe, in R. ODonnell ed. Europethe Irish Experience. Dublin Institute of European Affairs. ODonnell, R. and C. OReardon, (1997) Irelands Experiment in Social partnership 1987-96, in Giusseppe Fajertag and Phillipe Pochet (eds. Social Pacts in Europe, Brussels European barter Union Institute, 1997 ODonnell, R. and C. OReardon, (2000) Social partnership in Irelands Economic Transformation, in Giusseppe Fajertag and Phillipe Pochet (eds. ) Social Pacts in EuropeNew Dynamics, Brussels European Trade Union Institute. ODonnell, R. and Teague, P. (2000) Partnership at Work in Ireland An rating of Progress Under Partnership 2000. Dublin The Stationery Office. Sabel, C. F. (1996) Ireland Local organic evolution and Social Innovation, Paris OECD, 1996Visser, J. (1998) Concertationthe Art of Making Social Pacts paper presented at Notre Europe/ETUI seminar on National Social Pacts, Brussels, June 10th, 1998. Visser. , J. and A. Hemerijck (1997) A Dutch Miracle undertaking Growth, Welfare Reform and Corporatism in the Netherlands Amsterdam Amsterdam University Press Walsh B. and Leddin A. (1992) The Macroeconomy of Ireland, Dublin Gill and Macmillan. Walsh, J. , Craig, S. and McCafferty, D. (1998) Local Partnerships for Social Inclusion? , Dublin Oak head Press.

Privacy And Security In The Digital World Essay

Technology can diddle great freedom. As the commercials of the 90s promised, the earnings offers previously unheard of access to information from the comfort of angio ecstasynersin converting enzymes own home. Of course, the derive of information that com founder networks allow to be freely-sh ared isnt restricted to the circuit board catalogs of major libraries, the lowest- practical prices or e-mails from friends and relatives. As technology has become cheaper, more omnipotent and nearly-ubiquitous new and, some have argued, disturbing developments have taken regularize at the nexus of powerful technology and individualised covert. Credit circuit card and debit card transactions can be traced, allowing access to ones spending habits. On line, shielding such transactions from curious eyeball has resulted in a world where ever-stronger forms of encryption are infallible to keep consumers financial information secure. Cameras are stationed nearly everywhere now, and so me major cities are considering installing surveillance cameras in globe places to monitor the streets, justifying it by alluding to the threat of terrorism. (Honan, 1) Where a case is being do for putting in surveillance cameras, one will usually hap the crisis of surety vs. hiding tossed aside perhaps more quickly than it should be, with the advocator arguing on the side of security. Whatever their motives, person is probably nonice you in most(prenominal) private establishments, of course. This raises a new question for familiarity where is the line between the reasonable expectation of privacy and paranoia in the info Age? Its hard to find somebody who likes the idea of their personal information and activities being collected by strangers. Interestingly, people almost universally express negativity toward each technology that monitors their actions but that negativity disappears when theyre asked if separate peoples actions should be monitored. (Kleve, De Mulder & Van Noortwijk, 13). Everyone seems to detest motorists who deport red come downs but nearly everyone detests with equal venom the red light cameras designed to catch them committing the same traffic violation, so to speak. The debate everyplace security and privacy is hardly new. The nature of the debate, however, has changed in the past ten years. In a 1998 series of three articles, The Washington Posts Robert O plough Jr. wrote about concerns surrounding data mine. selective information mining is an activity that really bloomed in the last ten years. Beca pulmonary tuberculosis of the amount of electronic records consumers generate, there exists an opportunity for marketers to narrow down their sales pitches to ever-more specific demographics by obtaining and mining that data for particular spending habits. The curve amount of data that is collected, the consumers unawareness of it and the ways in which this data can be sorted, searched and drilled into as well as the esc ape of control regrading how that data is eventually disseminated and that fact that protecting that data requires perpetual technological innovation presents challenges to citizens and law-enforcement alike. (Jerry Berman & Deirdre Mulligan, II. B.). To add to the general anxiety, the US government, following the folk 11 terrorist attacks upon New York, began collecting information from telecom companies, without a warrant, which they mean to mine for activity they considered suspect. The program has proved so controversial that, at present, Congress and the White House are unable to agree as to the boundaries of government where monitoring private conversations is concerned (Chaddock). Interestingly, a key advert of contention in this debate has been the role of private companies.When OHarrow wrote about the potential for shady-activity surrounding how much of the information gathered by private data mining firms might be shared with the government, he was being quite propheti c. The telecom companies who cooperated with the government eavesdropping program now impudence the potential threat of billions of dollars in lawsuits for violating the rights of their clients (Chaddock, 7). Whether or not to pass order that would immunize private firms from being sued by their clients for their cooperation with the warantless eavesdropping program has brought the legislation to a halt. Telecoms provide Internet access as well as retrieve service. Where the Internet is concerned, perhaps expecting any privacy is unreasonable. As Burman and Mulligan put it Imagine walking through a mall where every store, unbeknown(predicate) to you, placed a sign on your back. The signs tell every other store you visit exactly where you have been, what you looked at, and what you purchased. Something very close to this is possible on the Internet. With the growing adoption of the Internet on the part of consumerswho are also, of course, citizensover the past decade, it would se em that none of our habits, likes and dislikes or political dispositions are immune from being investigated by commercial or government interests. Its likely that as we become more connected by and hooked upon technology, well have to become more accustomed, and skilled, at living in a world where we must assume that the details of nearly any twenty-four hour period of our lives can be reconstructed by an interested party, and probably in great detail at that. Escaping society, or the ever-present electronic eyes thereof, is next to impossible.Most anyones location can be revealed to someone with access to the right technology. Any purchase made with a reference or debit card becomes a part of a mosaic that can be used to interpret the nature and habits of its owner. It seems that using any technology that allows networking carries with it a mandatory trade-off where ones privacy is concerned. Now that the government claims it doesnt require warrants to gather and make use of th is information, its hard to see any walls that might obstruct the cerebration of those who would be spies. In todays world, privacy may not be dead, but its certainly not looking so healthy as it once did. The benefits of technology are many and most would agree that many of those benefits are marvelous. A GPS unit on a phone can alert emergency personnel to the location of someone who may not be able to do so themselves. It would be hard to reckon how many convenience store and bank withhold ups may have been foiled by obviously placed security cameras. For better or worse, we may have to adapt to an age where privacy is only to be had in the most remote wilderness. Unless, of course, you have a Global Positioning System in your caror your cell phone, which you probably do whether you know it or not.Sources CitedChaddock, Gail Russel. House Set to let Warrantless Evesdropping Law Lapse. The Christian Science Monitor 15, Feb, 2008. Retrieved From Honan, Edith. Blomberg Defends C ity control Camera Plan. Reuters. Retrieved From Jerry Berman & Deirdre Mulligan. Privacy in the Digital Age excogitate in Progress Nova Law Review, Volume 23, Number 2, Winter 1999. The Internet and Law. Retrieved From Kleve, Pieter, De Mulder Richard, V., Van Norrtwijk, Kees Surveillance technology and law the social impact Int. J. Intercultural knowledge Management Vol 1 No 1. 2007 Retrieved From OHarrow, Robert Jr. Are Data Firms Getting Too Personal? The Washington Post Sunday, March 8, 1998 varlet A1

Acid Rain: the Southern Company (a) Case Analysis Essay

Acid Rain The Southern Company (A) slipperiness Analysis Production Processes and CostsExecutive SummaryIn the course 1992, the Southern Company that held the Bowen limit, a sear-fired steam electric plant had to settle on the various spear carriercts easy to comply with the amendments in the Clean airmanship telephone number, effective 1995. The Bowen plant was an unusually large plant with a cogency to serve the residential, commercial and industrial demands of 1 meg people. The Bowen generators consumed 8.338 million piles of burn and sired 21,551 million kW- mins of electrical energy. During 1990, Bowen plant let onted over 30 stacks of reciprocal ohm dioxide per hour, an important precursor of acid rain. In 1990, Congress passes the Clean appearance Act that aimed at controlling acid rain. As per the Clean demeanor Act, beginning 1995 ( physique 1) all the sear-fired returns plants would be receiving allowances to emit 2.5 pounds of south dioxide per millio n British Thermal Units (MMBtu) of combust consumed.In the form 2000 (Phase 2), all coal-fired utility plants, would get allowances worth 1.2 pounds per MMBtu of coal. The plants either had to reduce their runs or purchase additive allowances from other firms. The Bowen plant received allowances for 254,580 net gross haemorrhoid of sulfur dioxide for sepa evaluately if the fiver geezerhood, from 1995 till 1999. From class 2000, it would receive allowances worth 122,198 long tons per year. To comply with this untested law, Southern Company had the following selections * Burn high sulfur Kentucky coal without scrubbing the exhaust gases, as in past, and get the allowances from other firms. * lay down scrubbers to remove sulfur dioxide from the exhaust gases of the generators. There were further two pickaxs purchasable to be pictureed * Scrubbers could be installed from 1992 to 1994, to be create from raw material for Phase one. * institute scrubbers from 1997-19 99 and be situate for Phase 2. * Switch to low-sulfur coal from Kentucky or West Virginia. The electric discharges would be turn away than the amount permitted in Phase One, but inPhase dickens they would hold back to demoralise allowances. As a result of the analyses, alternative 3 burning low-sulfur coal seem to be the best summate in this situation, beca practice it has the minimum equal convoluted and at that placeby, mystifys the maximum profits for the federation. trouble STATEMENTThe Southern Company, is trying to figure out the best alternative ready(prenominal), the one with the minimum be involved, to comply with the amendments in the Clean oxygenate Act, effective 1995. The main issue was the amount of sulfur dioxide emitted from each one hour by the plant, which was 30 tons in year 1990. As per the amendments in the Clean Air Act, the amount of sulfur dioxide was regulated to 2.5 pounds per MMBTu of coal from year 1995 and further reduced to 1.2 pounds per MMBtu of coal from year 2000. The regulated amount was the full(a) emission allowed by all the coal-fired utility plants in the country. As a result, Bowen plant would receive an allowance for 254,580 tons for each of five years beginning 1995 and 122,198 tons per year outset 2000. The company could either sully extra allowances from other firms or reduce the emission amount by either scrubbing off the sulfur dioxide from exhausted gases or utilise low-sulfur coal.METHODOLOGYThe case exhibits one-third main options which were probed to make an sensible decision about the choice to be made. I excite mensurable the net deport entertain of the damages involved in each of the trio method actings and recommend the option one with minimum net gift honour of cost to be use for complying with the Clean Air Act amendment. The three on hand(predicate) options argon* Burn high sulfur Kentucky coal without scrubbing the exhaust gases, as in past, and vitiate the allowances from other firms. * prove scrubbers to remove sulfur dioxide from the exhaust gases of the generators. There were further two options available to be considered * Scrubbers could be installed from 1992 to 1994, to be ready for Phase one. The Bowen plant would wherefore be generating lower sulfur dioxide emissions that could be sold to other firms* Install scrubbers from 1997-1999 and be ready for Phase 2. In this, they bequeath be generating b atomic number 18 of allowed emission directin Phase 1 (1995-1999) and would have to buy those allowances. Starting Phase 2 (year 2000), they would be in a assert to make do the allowances. * Switch to low-sulfur coal from Kentucky or West Virginia. The emissions would be lower than the amount permitted in Phase One, but in Phase Two they would have to buy allowances.To calculate the total be involved for each of the three options, I have considered plainly those factors that are not commonalty in all. I have calculated moreover th e excess of cost that might be required to deploy an option. The current operating(a)(a) costs and all costs that do not change amongst the options have been left-hand(a) out as these costs would remain same and leave behind have no effect on the decision.Data Requirement or SourcesThe info utilise to perform analysis has been taken from the case study only. The factors available are * Switching cost of coal pieceing from high sulfur to low sulfur. * Costs or revenue involved with buying or look ating, respectively, the sulfur dioxide emission allowances. * Depreciation on capital costs* heavy(p) costs involved to upgrade the plant with scrubbers or existing machinery. * additive operating costs* Energy consumptions (Revenue lost) when using scrubbers. * Federal and state taxes involved* Discount rate used by the company to evaluate enthronement opportunities.Key AssumptionsTo determine the costs involved in the given three options, following assumptions have been made * Th ere is no available indicate that the cost of coal may deviate from the given amounts, or the company seems to have contracts with the coal vendors and so the nurtures are constant. * The electrical energy fork outd by the plant remains constant throughout the operation of the plant, that is, amount of electricity generated is 21,551 million kilowatt hours either year.* The amount of coal required togenerate the electricity amount remains fixed to 8.338 million tons when high-sulfur coal is used and 8.391 million when low-sulfur coal is used. * In 1990, the revenue generated by electricity is $5.6 cents per kilowatt hour on an average, and will more or little the same. * The rate of buying or selling allowances is estimated to be $250 in year 1995 and will increase at a rate of 10% every year till 2010. after 2010, the rates will remain constant. * As per the amendments in the Clean Air Act, in Phase One, Bowen plant will be allowed to emit 254580 tons of sulfur dioxide and i n Phase Two, 122198 tons of sulfur dioxide. * There are firms ready to sell or buy the allowances for sulfur dioxide emissions.AnalysisOption 1 Burning High-Sulfur Coal without Scrubbers bribe Allowances In this option, we consider using the existing infrastructure. Since, the companies are allowed to buy extra emissions from some other firms, we will consider that. The randomness that is available to analyze is* Cost of coal from 1992-1995 is $41.46 per ton and is expected to fall down to $29.82 per ton from 1996. * The amount of sulfur dioxide emitted is 266550 tons for burning 8.338 million of high-sulfur coal. * The first and only cost in this method will be the cost to buy emission allowances for sulfur dioxide from other firms. The costs will vary every year because of the difference in allowance prices as shown in butt on Option11. * There is no capital costs involved in this method as there we are not expend in machinery required. Also, since there is no capital costs in volved, there is no depreciation. * The additional operating costs are excessively zero.After, adding the tax benefits to the total cost, the net usher value of cost in this method is $266,379,610. The advantages of using this go up are that there will be no costs to add or upgrade machinery. Also, since the plant will be operating as it shortly is, there are least chances of unexpected malfunctioning of the plant. The issue with this onrush is that we are assuming that there are firms willing to sell their allowances.But, since it is know that the Bowen plant is comparatively cleaner thanthe other coal-fired steam electric plant, decision the firms willing to sell involves risk. And in-case, if we are not able to find firms ready to sell allowances, it will put the plant into a risk of shutdown the operations and pay fines, or decrease the amount of electricity contemporaries to emit the allowed sulfur dioxide levels. Also, it is a greater threat to the environment to emit suc h large numbers of sulfur dioxide when there are methods available to decrease those numbers.Option 2 Burning High-Sulfur Coal with Scrubbers Sell Allowances In this option, we consider adding scrubbers to the plant. Scrubbers will help reduce the amount of sulfur dioxide emissions by 90%. In this option, the plant will be able to sell allowances as very low amounts of sulfur dioxide will be emitted by the plant. The information that is available to analyze this option is * Cost of coal from 1992-1995 is $41.46 per ton and is expected to fall down to $29.82 per ton from 1996. * The amount of sulfur dioxide emitted is 26655 tons for burning 8.338 million of high-sulfur coal, once the scrubbers are installed * The first cost in this method will be the cost of installing scrubbers. The scrubbers are super expensive and so can be considered to be installed and ready to use either by the beginning of Phase 1 (year 1995) or by the starting of Phase 2 (year 2000).The total capital costs i ncluding the 10% capital interest for installing scrubbers is $719,430,000. The cost is spread over three years, $143,850,000 $503,610,000 $71,970,000. * There is depreciation amounts involved for the investments in installing scrubbers. * The additional operating cost is $0.0013 per kilowatt hour that amounts to a total cost of $28,016,300 per kilowatt hour for each year * Also, the operation of Scrubbers uses 2% of the total electricity generated, which means 2% of the total revenue generated every year which has the value of $24,137,120. After adding the benefits of tax deductible expenses and depreciation values, the net present value of cost in this option is $451,531,619 if the Scrubbers are ready to be used in Phase 1 (as shown in Exhibit Option2A). If the Scrubbers are ready to be used in Phase 2 the net present value comes out to be $293,959,184 (shown in Exhibit Option2B).The advantages of using this access code are that there is a very low emission level of sulfur dioxid e, and we can earn revenue by selling allowances. Also, we are sure that there willbe firms ready to buy those allowances. This option also is beneficial for the environment. The issue with this approach is that we are the net present value of the cost is high. Also, we will be investing atleast $293,959,184 in the plant which we are sure will be operational for only a few more years, till 2016. With the advancement in technology, there are higher chances of new more efficient plants to come on watercourse even earlier.Option 3 Burning Low-Sulfur CoalIn this option, we consider changing the type of coal that is burnt in the plant. We can switch to low sulfur coal which contains 1% sulfur by cant over and so will reduce the emission of sulfur dioxide in the environment. The information that is available to analyze this option is * Cost of low- sulfur coal from 1996 is $30.37 per ton and is expected to rise to $34.92 per ton from 2000. In years 1992-1995, coal used in the plant will be high-sulfur coal which has the cost of $41.46 per ton * The amount of sulfur dioxide emitted is 16750 tons for burning 8.391 million of low-sulfur coal starting 1996 and so we would have to buy emission allowances for the years 1995, 2000-2016 and we will generate revenue in years 1996-1999 by selling the excess of emission allowance.* The first cost in this method will be the cost of switching from high-sulfur coal to low-sulfur coal. The amount and cost of high-sulfur coal required to generate 21,551 million kilowatt hours every year is different from the low-sulfur coal rate and quantity. There is an overall increase in the cost when operations are switched from high-sulfur coal to low-sulfur coal as shown in Exhibit Option3. * Switching to low-sulfur coals also need changes in the existing inactive precipitators used to control mobile particulate matter as it is currently designed for operating with high-sulfur coal. The costs for upgrading the electrostatic precipitators for low-sulfur coal is $22.1 million * There is depreciation amounts involved for the investments for upgrading electrostatic precipitators.After adding the benefits of tax deductible expenses and depreciation values, the net present value of cost in this option is $176,919,328 (as shown in Exhibit Option3). The advantages of using this approach are that the net present value of the costs is the lowest and so is most beneficial for theSouthern Company. There is relatively lower emission level of sulfur dioxide. Although we have to buy allowances in most of the years, compose the lower levels are better for the environment. The issue with this approach is that we are the investing a $22.1 million in the plant and we are depending on the new type of coal whose cost is expected to rise over the years.Conclusions and ConcernsAfter analyzing all the three available options, I would conclude that the best option to be deployed is Option 3 Burn low-sulfur coal. This option does not only h ave the least cost but is also beneficial for the environment. The option will generate higher profits for the company and we can have even a lower cost, if the price of the low sulfur coal does not rise and is negotiable. Also, there can be a possibility that the changes in the electricity precipitator for low-sulfur coal could decrease the emission levels. The major concern with this option is that we have to either find firms willing to sell their allowances (although a small amount) or would have to decrease the amount of electricity generated to adjust the sulfur dioxide emissions which will impact the revenues but since the amounts are low, the revenues will not be affected adversely.