Business Decision Making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Business Decision Making - Essay Example The researcher further uses numerous data processing tools including the SPSS in coding and processing the data thus making realistic conclusion. In data presentation, the researcher uses numerous graphical data presentation techniques thereby making comprehension of the research findings and conclusion easier. With a revenue of  £23.303  billion in the year, 2013, Sainsburys is definitely one of the leading supermarkets in the United Kingdom. The business, which is a chain of supermarkets, retails numerous household goods and groceries thereby targeting a wide market. The company that has survived for more than one hundred years exhibits effective management a feature that influences its strategic operation and expansion plan thereby constantly increasing its market share (Pickton & Broderick, 2005). The business employs different marketing and operation strategies in order to sustain its profitability. Key among its strategies is diversity of both products and services and the expansion of stores within the country. The two strategies are effective in ensuring that the supermarket increases its market share as it enters into new markets. The report below is therefore one that seeks to inform the creation of yet a new store. The decision is important owing to the financial implications of the new investment. Opening up a new store within the city will increase the capacity of the company. However, just as any other business the new store requires effective market research and analysis in order to ensure that the demand in the region will sustain the desired profitability of the store besides increasing the business’ market share in the region. The report follows an extensive market research and analysis that sought to determine the viability of the new store. The research investigated the features of the new target market with

Different Interpretations of Taming of the Shrew Essay Example for Free

Different Interpretations of Taming of the Shrew Essay Since there are so many different adaptations of Taming of the Shrew, there are quite a lot of differences when you see it, then when you read it. Especially when you try to imagine the Wooing Scene, in Act 2 Scene 1. Here are a few main differences I noticed in two of the different adaptations I watched: * Gaudete Academy 2010 Production (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xaebQOnnHMU) * Petruchio was a little scared of Katherina when he first met her * Katherina was a lot more harsh, physically * Instead of dialogue with words, they made Petruchio speak and Katherina act with facial expressions and basically actions. Petruchio: You lie in faith. For you are called Kate. Plain Kate. Bonny Kate. And sometimes Kate the curst. (Katherina flicks him annoyingly) * Also Petruchio has long monologues, but instead they make Katherina respond with actions and not verbally. So Kate’s actions made it seem like dialogue * There is so much more physical abuse, than verbal abuse Petruchio: My super dainty Kate. (Katherina pushes him off the stage) * They change some words and sentences, so the audience understand the jokes and puns * A lot of interaction with the audience Petruchio: Take this of me, Kate of my consolation: Hearing thy†¦ hearing thy†¦ Uh, help? What’s that sir? *Harpy* Hearing thy Harpyishness praised in every town * Taming of the Shrew (1976) (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdqOHvcD-VU) * Baptista acts a little evil when Petruchio asks for Kate’s hand in marriage * Petruchio acts a lot more rude, physically * Katherina struggles with Petruchio a lot more * Katherina seems weak, even from the start * Kate doesn’t argue as much as in the play * Petruchio over powers Kate a lot, instead of them being equally horrid * Petruchio adds more actions, so it adds more emphasis to the argument * Gremio’s line stands out more, than in the play script * Taming of the Shrew (CorkShakespeare) This one is very similar to the original play script, so not many points (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxtQKwHO6xU) * Most of the other adaptations points * Costumes were modernized * Petruchio is very forceful

Risk Essay -- essays research papers

(1) The following study discusses the risk & resilient factors in the life of Pauline, a 16 year old NZ European/Maori teenager. These factors involve her family life and its importance to her: the value of education and the consequences of leaving school without qualifications; how activities such as church participation can be helpful and the problems involved with having nothing to do; the effects of substance abuse; early sexual involvement and its risks; the risk of suicide, suicide attempts & ideation. The likely impacts of all of these factors on her current & future health status will be considered. Key words or concepts: resilience or protective factors: is factors that buffer young people from risks & promote positive youth development. Risk behaviours: dangerous behaviour that involves a threat to health & well being adolescence: the developmental period between childhood and adulthood mentor: someone whom the young person can trust connectedness: feeling cared for, close to and enjoying either family, school or an adult mentor. The study will follow the format using the HEADSS framework. This was d evised in 1972 by Eric Cohen, a Specialist in adolescent medicine in Los Angeles. It is a method used to interview & assess young people & is an acronym for the following; - (H) home environment (E) education & employment (A) activities & interests (D) drugs (S) sexuality (S) suicide   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (2) Home Pauline has a number of risk and protective factors happening for her in her home situation. Until the age of three years she was the focus of her own two parents. At the age of sixteen she is positioned between her Father’s new family of a partner & three very young children (who Pauline lives with) and her Mother, partner and their two young children. She has expressed dissatisfaction regarding her irregular contact with her Mother who lives in another town. Early attachment in childhood sets the stage for acting out behaviours in adolescence (Brennan 1993). Pauline clearly felt nobody cared for her, that her Father was more interested in her stepmother and children, she felt this so strongly it led her to running away from home. She was at risk... ...bsp;(9) Summary This study indicates risk factors for Pauline including an unhappy home situation with her Dad’s new family where she has felt nobody really cared whether she was there or not, her unsatisfying relationship with her Mother, her alcohol binging, cigarette smoking & marijuana use, her limited activities, dropping out of school at a young age, early sexual involvement and low mood. Protective factors bringing some resilience to her life include adult trust with her Aunt Sarah and Tutor, awareness of her iwi links and whanau contact, her enjoyment and regular attendance to at Alternative Education and her goal of wanting to stay there until she gets a job, recent enjoyable church involvement, her ability to learn from situations and wanting to make positive changes in her life. The likely outcomes for Pauline’s health are hopeful but the significant concerns that could tip the equilibrium are firstly the early onset in her life of a relationship with Jack and their sporadic condom use, as a probable outcome for Pauline is pregnancy and wanting to keep the baby, and secondly her alcohol, marijuana and nicotine use and the level of addiction that may have built up.

Reflection Paper Economics Essay

All in all, demand refers to how much (quantity) of a product or service is desired by buyers. And it is determined by the determinants like taste and preferences, income, population and price expectation. Price must always come first. Consumers are more tend to buy a product. if the price decreases. This kind of behavior on the part of buyers is in accordance with the law of demand. According to the law of demand, an inverse relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity demanded of that good. As the price of a good goes up, buyers demand less of that good. This law will only be valid if ceteris paribus assumption is applied that means â€Å"all other things are equal or constant†. It means that the determinants of demand must be constant. This inverse relationship is more readily seen using the graphical device known as the demand curve, which is nothing more than a graph of the demand schedule. Change in demand means the change in the determinants of demand. So, an increase in demand shifts the demand curve to the right while a decrease in demand shifts a demand curve into the left. If there is a change in demand, there is also a change in quantity demand, this is different to change in demand because it only shows a movement from one point to another point (a price-quantity combination to another price-quantity combination). Another thing is the supply, it is the schedule of various quantities of commodities which producers are willing and able to produce and offer at a given, place, price and time. Its determinants are technology, cost of production, number of sellers, prices of other goods, price expectation and taxes and subsidies. The law of supply states that â€Å"as price increases, quantity demanded increases and as price decreases, quantity demanded also decreases†. According to the law of supply, a direct relationship exists between the price of a good and the quantity supplied of that good. As the price of a good increases, sellers are willing to supply more of that good. The law of supply is also reflected in the upward-sloping supply curve. A change in the quantity supplied is a movement along the supply curve due to a change in the price of the good supplied and a change in supply, like a change in demand, is represented by a shift in the supply curve. Law of demand and supply explains that when the demand is greater than supply, price increases and when supply is greater than demand, price decreases. The law of supply and demand is not an actual law but it is well confirmed and understood realization that if you have a lot of one item, the price for that item should go down. At the same time you need to understand the interaction; even if you have a high supply, if the demand is also high, the price could also be high. In the world of stock investing, the law of supply and demand can contribute to explaining a stocks price at any given time. It is the base to any economic understanding.

Cool Runnings Essay

In the film ‘Cool Runnings’ directed by Job Turteltaub had taught me many valuable lessons for future life. Also a character had stood out for me whom is known as Derice, which had taught me even more. He has taught me about commitment, determination and also leadership and this is how it has compacted for myself. To begin with, Derice showed me that commitment could take me to the ultimate limit. Turteltaub used techniques such as close-ups on Derice’s running shoes and his face. Meanwhile, as Derice is getting ready and focussing on his position, the setting is a beautiful tropical island and an amazing ocean view, which tells me that he must be a local that lives in the beautiful island. Turteltaub also showed when Derice’s passion and commitment had impacted on his image it had stood out quite clearly, even though his gears were tiny rocks and a toilet paper roll in the beginning. Doesn’t mean it could be consistent throughout his life. One day he could become an Olympic Champion which supports the Olympic Value – pursuit of excellence and fair play. It’s important for teens like myself to learn these valuable lessons because starting a career, dream or passion now could have a huge impact on what it’s going to be like in the future. Lots of us teens are going through rejections and low self-esteem so by following my dreams is what I’m going to be heading for. Secondly, Turteltaub had showed me about determination. He also used techniques such as close-up of Derice’s face and Irving Blitzer (legendary Bobsled double gold medallist) as Derice was trying to pursue Irv to be the first time Jamaican Bobsled coach. But Irv has been consistently rejecting his offer. Turteltaub has shown how Derice had felt afterwards, after facing his loss in the qualifying round for track racing. He was determined to find a way to get back into the Olympics. This emphasises that giving up your dream is an easy thing to do, because that is like a short cut for being negative, but by committing and being determined harder, at least you’re going somewhere, which follows the Olympic value – pursuit of excellence. It’s important to learn these valuable lessons because as a teen myself, I’ve been doubted in many different ways throughout my life, but because I’ve been determined to make a change and prove them wrong, that was exactly what I’ve done because I have been true to myself and standing against negativity. Thirdly, Turteltaub taught me about leadership. He showed this when Derice (close-up shot) had to lead by example when his whole boblsled team crashed.

Bio Research Better Health Essays

Bio Research Better Health Essays Bio Research Better Health Essay Bio Research Better Health Essay Disease is any condition that adversely affects the function of any part of a living thing. Health is the wellbeing of the organism. All our body functions, which are under the control of our genes, work together to maintain health. Difficulties in determining health and disease: Disease can cover a wide range of conditions including minor conditions, such as a cut finger or an ant bite, as well as the more obvious diseases like cancers. Health varies on a daily basis and is not just the absence of disease. Health varies with age and the susceptibility to disease. It is a state of physical, mental and social wellbeing. The difficulties of defining the terms health and disease include that: * it is possible for a person to be healthy and have a disease at the same time * The terms are used in general conversation and have different meaning to the scientific definition. * For example: pregnancy affects â€Å"normal functioning† of the body BUT IS NOT considered a disease. * The terminology again, is subjective and biased to how the individual perceives themselves to be healthy or not Infectious and non-infectious disease: * Nons of inherited non-infectious conditions include cystic fibrosis and Down syndrome, and examples of conditions caused by environmental or lifestyle factors include heart disease and skin cancer. Ways of prevent of non-infectious diseases can be for example cutting down on exposure to cigarette smoke and the sun’s rays as these will prevent certain types of cancers and eating healthier which can prevent diabetes. * Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi; the diseases can be spread, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. Zoonotic diseases are infectious diseases of animals that can cause disease when transmitted to humans. Infectious diseases can be transmitted from the air, contact with infected people like kissing, consuming infected water or foods, sexually and from blood for example mosquitoes passing on malaria to a person. Many infectious diseases are bigger problems in underdeveloped countries, where there is less control of sanitation, fewer vaccinations and other problems that contribute to higher levels of infectious disease. Examples of infectious diseases include colds, flu, herpes, measles and aids. Pathogens: A pathogen is any organism that can produce a disease. Pathogens range from viruses so small that thousands will fit side by side in one millimetre to tapeworms that can be several metres long. They are all infectious. Transmission of pathogens occurs through many different routes, including airborne, direct or indirect contact, sexual contact, through blood, breast milk, or other body fluids. Pathogens may live outside the body, such as the fungus that causes ringworm, inside particular organs, such as parasitic worms in the intestine, in tissues or inside cells. Prions: A Prion is an infectious agent that is composed primarily of protein. To date, all such agents that have been discovered propagate by transmitting a miss-folded protein state; the protein itself does not self-replicate and the process is dependent on the presence of the polypeptide in the host organism. Prion’s cause neurodegenerative disease by aggregating extracellular within the central nervous system to form plaques known as amyloid, which disrupt the normal tissue structure. This disruption is characterized by holes in the tissue with resultant spongy architecture due to the vacuole formation in the neurons. While the incubation period for Prion diseases is generally quite long, once symptoms appear the disease progresses rapidly, leading to brain damage and death. Prions, like viruses, are not actually alive, although both can reproduce by hijacking the functions of living cells. Example of Prion diseases include Bovine spongiform (mad cow disease) encephalopathy and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Viruses: Viruses are tiny organisms that may lead to mild to severe illnesses in humans, animals and plants. This may include flu or a cold to something more life threatening like HIV/AIDS. A virus is not a living thing as it can’t reproduce outside its host. The virus particle or the virions attack the cell and take over its machinery to carry out their own life processes of multiplication and growth. An infected cell will produce viral particles instead of its usual products. Viruses Consist of DNA or RNA enclosed in protein, live inside living cells. They are so small that they cannot be seen with a light microscope. Bacteria: Bacteria do not contain a nucleus. If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, food borne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. Protozoan: Protozoa are a diverse unicellular group of organisms. Some kinds of protozoa act as a parasite in humans; they cause diseases like malaria, Amoebiasis and Chagas disease. Fungi: Fungi are living creatures; some fungi can cause serious diseases in humans, several of which may be fatal if untreated. These include aspergilloses, candidoses and mycetomas. Other fungi can attack eyes, nails, hair, and especially skin, the so-called dermatophytic and keratinophilic fungi, and cause local infections such as ringworm and athletes foot. Fungal spores are also a cause of allergies, and fungi from different taxonomic groups can evoke allergic reactions fungi is also used as a drug to kill bacteria and fungi infections for example penicillin. Macro-parasites: Macro-parasites are parasites that are large enough to be seen by the naked eye; examples of macro-parasites include ticks, mites and flatworms. Malaria Malaria is a disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Plasmodium. It has a complicated life cycle requiring a mosquito of the Anopheles genus to carry the Plasmodium to its host. The disease is common in tropical areas where the Anopheles mosquito lives. The female mosquito requires a blood meal to complete the reproduction cycle of the mosquito. During the blood meal the Plasmodium (sporozoites) are transferred from the mosquito salivary glands into the blood system of the host. The sporozoites travel to the liver via the blood system and enter cells in the liver. After 12 days a new form of the protozoan called merozoites are released and these enter blood cells. At the same time toxins are released. This causes the sweats and fever that are associated with the disease. Some of the merozoites develop into gametocytes and may be sucked up by another mosquito in another blood meal. In the gut of the female mosquito the gametocytes become gametes and are fertilised. This forms sporozoites which will travel to the salivary glands of the female mosquito and await the next blood meal to enter another host. The disease was known from the start of recorded history but it took many researchers to uncover the complicated life cycle above. Sir Ronald Ross (1857 1932) was a British medical officer working in India. For thousands of years, people had been puzzled about the way in which malaria spread but they knew that malaria was common in areas close to swampy land. In the late 1800s, people were beginning to wonder if mosquitoes could spread malaria. Ross collected mosquitoes and painstakingly dissected them under a microscope. He discovered the micro-organism that was known to cause malaria, inside the bodies of Anopheles mosquitoes. This led to the realisation that insects could carry pathogens, that is, they can be vectors of disease. Date| Development| 18 BC| The disease malaria was described by the Romans. Malaria was thought to come from swamps so the name means bad air. | 1820| Quinine used to prevent the disease, and was very effective but had bad side effects. | 1880| Charles Laveran a French army doctor observed the malarial parasite. | 1886| Golgi observed asexual reproduction in the protozoan Plasmodiumand identified two species. | 1897| Ronald Ross discovered that Plasmodium was the protozoan that caused the disease malaria. | 1988| Giovanni Grassi named the Anopheles mosquito as the carrier of the malarial parasite| 1940| Chloroquinine the first synthetic anti-malarial drug was use| HIV| Cause| The Human immunodeficiency virus | Transmission| HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to another through: * Blood (including menstrual blood) * Semen * Vaginal secretions * Breast milkActivities That Allow HIV Transmission * Unprotected sexual contact * Direct blood contact, including injection drug needles, blood transfusions, accidents in health care settings or certain blood products * Mother to baby (before or during birth, or through breast milk)| Host response| Antibodies to HIV are formed but these neither clear the infection nor are protective. | Major symptoms| Early stage: * No early symptoms some people notice no early infection symptoms * Sore throat * Body rash * Flu-like symptoms * Fever * Headache * Tiredness * Enlarged lymph nodes Late stage: * persistent tiredness * night sweats * weight loss * persistent diarrhoea * blurred vision * white spots on the tongue or mouth * dry cough * shortness of breath * fever of above 37C (100F) that lasts a number of weeks * swollen glands that last for more than three months| Treatment| Theres no cure for HIV/AIDS, but a variety of drugs can be used in combination to control the virus. Each of the classes of antis include efavirenz (Sustiva), etravirine (Intelence) and nevirapine (Viramune). Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs). NRTIs are faulty versions of building blocks that HIV needs to make copies of itself. Examples include Abacavir (Ziagen), and the combination drugs emtricitabine and tenofovir (Truvada), and lamivudine and zidovudine (Combivir). Protease inhibitors (PIs). PIs disable protease, another protein that HIV needs to make copies of itself. Examples include atazanavir (Reyataz), darunavir (Prezista), fosamprenavir (Lexiva) and ritonavir (Norvir). Entry or fusion inhibitors. These drugs block HIVs entry into CD4 cells. Examples include enfuvirtide (Fuzeon) and maraviroc (Selzentry). Integrase inhibitors. Raltegravir (Isentress) works by disabling integrase, a protein that HIV uses to insert its genetic material into CD4 cells. | Prevention| * Use a new condom every time you have sex. * Use a clean needle. * If youre pregnant, get medical care right away. If youre HIV-positive, you may pass the infection to your baby. But if you receive treatment during pregnancy, you can cut your babys risk by as much as two-thirds. * Tell your sexual partners if you have HIV. * Use the drug trudava which helps to prevent the virus, but a condom should still be used during sex. | control| To control HIV it is important to inform people about the ways it can be transmitted and how to eliminate the risk of getting it, also all blood donors have to be tested for HIV and all myths to be dispelled. | Epidemiology: lung cancer as an example Epidemiology is the study of the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and informs policy decisions and evidence-based medicine by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive medicine. To be valid the study must be focused on a large group of people rather than a few individuals and relate a certain population that can be identified. Through doing so it allows for trends and causative factors to be observed. The study must also have unequal exposure to the thing that is suspected to cause the disease for example studying if cigarettes create a higher risk of lung cancer, the population should consist of people who smoke and people who don’t. Also other considerations like age, sex, ethnic and group and occupation must also be noted. Epidemiology has three main aims: * To describe disease patterns in human populations. * To identify the causes of diseases (also known as aetiology). * To provide data essential for the management, evaluation and planning of services for the prevention, control and treatment of disease Epidemiologic studies determine whether people exposed to a certain risk factor (e. g. , cigarette smoking) are significantly more likely than those not exposed to develop a certain health outcome (e. g. , lung cancer)- in other words, is there a strong relationship between the exposure and the illness. Analysis is accomplished through statistical manipulation of data regarding the health problem under investigation. * Descriptive: First type of study when investigating the cause of a disease. In relation to smoking causing cancer they looked at age, sex, exposure. * Analytical: Used to collect more data, which is then statistically analysed to develop hypotheses as to the likely cause(s) of the disease. Two indicators include: Morbidity (number of cases of the diseases) and mortality (% of the population that dies from the disease). * Case control studies: Compare people with the disease (case) to people without the disease (control) and looking for different exposure to the possible causes of the disease. * Cohort studies: Involves studying two or more similar groups who are free of the disease. * Intervention: Used to test the effectiveness of a treatment, or the effectiveness of a public health campaign to change the behaviour of the population as a whole in order to decrease the incidence of the disease. Inherited disease Cystic fibrosis: Inherited diseases are genetically transmitted and are caused by errors in genetic information. Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a chronic disease that affects organs such as the liver, lungs, pancreas, and intestines. Cystic fibrosis is caused by a mutation in a gene called the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which serves an important function in creating sweat, mucus, and digestive juices. Only one copy of this gene is needed to prevent cystic fibrosis, and most people have two copies. However, if a person lacks at least one unaltered version of this gene that can produce a CFTR protein, cystic fibrosis will result. Cystic fibrosis is a hereditary disease in that one can only get it if his or her parents both are carriers. A child must inherit two copies of the defective gene in order to have CF. A child with two parents who are carriers of the defective gene has a 25% chance of having cystic fibrosis and being a carrier of two defective copies of the gene, a 25% chance of not being affected nor a carrier of a defective copy of the gene, and a 50% chance of not being affected by CF but carrying one defective copy of the gene. Symptoms: * Recurrent and severe chest infections. * Malabsorption of nutrients and failure to thrive. * Passing by large, foul-smelling motions. * Excessive salt in sweat. * Infertility. There is no treatment but giving supplements to their diet to counter the effect of insufficient digestion and absorption of nutrients and daily physiotherapy breathing exercises to prevent the excessive build up of mucous in the lungs, helps to control the disease. Nutritional deficiencies (Scurvy) Nutritional deficiencies are caused by diets lacking the proper balance and amounts of nutrients. Scurvy is a disease caused by a diet that lacks vitamin C (ascorbic acid). This may be due to ignorance, famine, anorexia, restrictive diets (due to allergies, food fads, etc. ), or difficulty orally ingesting foods. Patients develop anaemia, debility, exhaustion, edema (swelling) in some parts of the body, and sometimes ulceration of the gums and loss of teeth. Initial symptoms: * Pain and tenderness in the legs. * Swelling of the long bones. * Swollen, purplish and spongy gums. Advanced symptoms: * Gangrene. * Re-opening of old wounds. * Spontaneous haemorrhaging. Treatment: Simply involves the inclusion of adequate amounts of Vitamin C in the diet. In order to prevent the occurrence of scurvy, adequate amounts of Vitamin C should be included in the daily diet. Environmental diseases (Mesothelioma). Environmental diseases are those caused by lifestyle or exposure to chemicals. Mesothelioma, more precisely known as malignant mesothelioma is a rare cancer of the mesothelial cells, most commonly those in the lining that covers the lungs. Mesothelioma is caused by exposure to asbestos and patients dont get any symptoms until 20 to 30 years after exposure. There is no cure and treatment can only slow down the progression of the disease. Symptoms: * Shortness of breath caused by tumour squashing the lungs. * Chest pain. * Weight loss, loss of appetite, fatigue, fevers and anaemia. Smoking and lung cancer: Smoking can causes lung cancer as tobacco smoke contains 70 different cancer causing substances. When you inhale smoke, these chemicals enter your lungs and spread around the rest of the body. Scientists have shown that these chemicals can damage DNA and change important genes. These causes cancer by making cells grow and multiply out of control. Lung cancer isn’t just caused from smoking it can also be hereditary, from second hand smoking, HPV infection, exposure to substances (chromium, tar, arsenic, and nickel) and the second most likely cause of smoking radon gas. Statistics for smoking causing lung cancer: Between 80 and 90% of lung cancers are due to smoking, yet 10% of men and 20% of women who develop the disease have never smoked. On the other side of the equation, many people who smoke do not develop lung cancer. An earlier Canadian study quoted the lifetime risk for male smokers at 17. 2% (11. 6% in women) versus only 1. 3% in male non-smokers (1. 4% in female non-smokers). In a 2006 European study, the risk of developing lung cancer was: * 0. 2% for men who never smoked (0. 4% for women) * 5. 5% for male former smokers (2. 6% in women) * 15. 9% for current male smokers (9. 5% for women) * 24. 4% for male â€Å"heavy smokers† defined as smoking more than 5 cigarettes per day (18. 5% for women) Skin cancer (melanoma) | Occurrence| Australia has the highest incidence of melanoma in the world and melanoma is often referred to as Australias national cancer. * Melanoma makes up only 2. 3% of all skin cancers but is responsible for 75% of skin cancer deaths. * Melanoma is the third most common form of cancer in Australian men and women (10% of all cancers) * 1 in 17 Australians will be diagnosed with melanoma before age 85 * Melanoma is more commonly diagnosed in men than women. The risk of being diagnosed with melanoma by age 85 is 1 in 14 for men compared to 1 in 23 for women. | Symptoms| Main symptom is Unusual moles To help identify characteristics of unusual moles that may indicate melanomas or other skin cancers, think of the letters A-B-C-D-E:A is for asymmetrical shape. Look for moles with irregular shapes, such as two very different-looking halves. B is for irregular border. Look for moles with irregular, notched or scalloped borders - characteristics of melanomas. C is for changes in colour. Look for growths that have many colours or an uneven distribution of colour. D is for diameter. Look for new growth in a mole larger than 1/4 inch (about 6 millimetres). E is for evolving. Look for changes over time, such as a mole that grows in size or that changes colour or shape. Moles may also evolve to develop new signs and symptoms, such as new itchiness or bleeding. Other suspicious changes in a mole may include: * Scaliness * Itching * Spreading of pigment from the mole into the surrounding skin * Oozing or bleedingCancerous (malignant) moles vary greatly in appearance. Some may show all of the changes listed above, while others may have only one or two unusual characteristics. | Cause| Like other cancers, melanomas are composed of cells which multiply without the normal control of the bodys regulating systems. It has not yet been possible to completely identify how melanoma develops however a significant link between exposure to sunlight and the development of melanoma has been established. People living in climates with high levels of ultraviolet light have an increased risk of melanoma. Indoor tanning beds increase the risk of melanomas as they produce high levels of UV light. Melanoma could also be hereditary as test can now be done to see if people are at higher risk of getting melanomas. | Treatment/management| Surgery is the best option during the early stage of the melanoma as it can get rid of it before it spreads to certain organs and places which are hard to treat. Drugs or other substances can be used to target and destroy melanoma cells and leave normal cells. Radiation therapy. Immunotherapy is a type of systemic therapy useful in the treatment of melanoma at high risk for recurrence and for metastatic disease. Chemotherapy is a type of therapy in which a medication is given to treat melanoma. The goal of chemotherapy is to destroy melanoma cells throughout the body. | Bibliography: * C Parker E Neville, Lung cancer 8: Management of malignant mesothelioma, Thorax scientific journals 2003 volume 58 issue 9, http://thorax. bmj. com/content/58/9/809. full * Epidemiology [on-line] 2011, health. qld. gov. au/epidemiology/, 2/9/2011 * Glenda CHIDRAWI MARGARET ROBSON with Stephanie HOLLIS, Biology In Focus, The McGraw-Hill companies, First published in 2008. * HSC online Search for better health: 2. Infectious and non-infectious diseases [On-line] 2013, http://hsc. csu. edu. au/biology/core/better_health/9_4_2/942net. html * Melanoma [online] 2013, cancer. org. au/about-cancer/types-of-cancer/skin-cancer/melanoma. html, 19/3/2013 * Mesothelioma [ON-LINE] 2013, betterhealth. vic. gov. au/bhcv2/bhcarticles. nsf/pages/Mesothelioma, 23/07/2013 * Pathogen information [On-line] 2011, epa. gov/enviro/html/icr/pathogens. html, 28/10/2011

Data Mining Essays - Business Intelligence, Data Management

Data Mining Essays - Business Intelligence, Data Management Data Mining In todays business world, information about the customer is a necessity for a businesses trying to maximize its profits. A new, and important, tool in gaining this knowledge is Data Mining. Data Mining is a set of automated procedures used to find previously unknown patterns and relationships in data. These patterns and relationships, once extracted, can be used to make valid predictions about the behavior of the customer. Data Mining is generally used for four main tasks: (1) to improve the process of making new customers and retaining customers; (2) to reduce fraud; (3) to identify internal wastefulness and deal with that wastefulness in operations, and (4) to chart unexplored areas of the internet (Cavoukian). The fulfillment of these tasks can be enhanced if appropriate data has been collected and if that data is stored in a data warehouse. This makes it much easier and more efficient to run queries over data that originally came from different sources. When data about an organizations practices is easier to access, it becomes more economical to mine. Without the pool of validated and scrubbed data that a data warehouse provides, the data mining process requires considerable additional effort to pre-process the data (SAS Institute). There are several different types of models and algorithms used to mine the data. These include, but are not limited to, neural networks, decision trees, rule induction, boosting, and genetic algorithms. Data Mining is largely, if not entirely used for business purposes. The highest users of data mining include banking, financial, and telecommunications industries (Two Crows). Data mining will have a different effect on different industries in the business world. The key to succeeding in this rapidly changing industry is to understand the customer, or the market that the customer represents. Through data mining, companies can know what their customers have done in the past and what they will do in the future. With this information, the companies will be in ideal positions to make business decisions based on the information they have gained from the data mining process.

The U.S. Food Safety System

The U.S. Food Safety System Ensuring food safety is one of those federal government functions we only notice when it fails. Considering that the United States is one of the best-fed nations in the world, widespread outbreaks of food-borne illness are rare and usually quickly controlled. However, critics of the U.S. food safety system often point to its multi-agency structure which they say too often prevents the system from acting swiftly and efficiently. Indeed, food safety and quality in the United States is governed by no less than 30 federal laws and regulations administered by 15 federal agencies. The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) share primary responsibility for overseeing the safety of the U.S. food supply. In addition, all states have their own laws, regulations, and agencies dedicated to food safety. The federal Centers for Disease Control (CDC) is mainly responsible for investigating localized and nationwide outbreaks of foodborne illnesses. In many cases, the food safety functions of the FDA and USDA overlap; particularly inspection/enforcement, training, research, and rulemaking, for both domestic and imported food. Both USDA and FDA currently conduct similar inspections at some 1,500 dual jurisdiction establishments facilities that produce foods regulated by both agencies. Role of the USDA The USDA has primary responsibility for the safety of meat, poultry, and certain egg products. USDAs regulatory authority comes from the Federal Meat Inspection Act, the Poultry Products Inspection Act, the Egg Products Inspection Act and the Humane Methods of Livestock Slaughter Act. USDA inspects all meat, poultry and egg products sold in interstate commerce, and re-inspects imported meat, poultry, and egg products to makes sure they meet U.S. safety standards. In egg processing plants, the USDA inspects eggs before and after they are broken for further processing. Role of the FDA The FDA, as authorized by the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, and the Public Health Service Act, regulates foods other than the meat and poultry products regulated by the USDA. FDA is also responsible for the safety of drugs, medical devices, biologics, animal feed and drugs, cosmetics, and radiation emitting devices. New regulations giving the FDA the authority to inspect large commercial egg farms took effect on July 9, 2010. Prior to this rule, FDA inspected egg farms under its broad authorities applicable to all food, focusing on farms already linked to recalls. Apparently, the new rule did not take effect soon enough to allow for proactive inspections by the FDA of the egg farms involved in the August 2010 recall of nearly half a billion eggs for salmonella contamination. Role of the CDC The Centers for Disease Control leads federal efforts to gather data on foodborne illnesses, investigate foodborne illnesses and outbreaks, and monitor the effectiveness of prevention and control efforts in reducing foodborne illnesses. CDC also plays a key role in building state and local health department epidemiology, laboratory, and environmental health capacity to support foodborne disease surveillance and outbreak response. Differing Authorities All of the federal laws listed above empower the USDA and FDA with different regulatory and enforcement authorities. For example, food products under FDAs jurisdiction may be sold to the public without the agencys prior approval. On the other hand, food products under USDAs jurisdiction must generally be inspected and approved as meeting federal standards before being marketed. Under current law, UDSA continuously inspects slaughter facilities and examines each slaughtered meat and poultry carcass. They also visit each processing facility at least once during each operating day. For foods under FDAs jurisdiction, however, federal law does not mandate the frequency of inspections. Addressing Bioterrorism Following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the federal food safety agencies began taking on the added responsibility of addressing the potential for deliberate contamination of agriculture and food products - bioterrorism. An executive order issued by President George W. Bush in 2001 added the food industry to the list of critical sectors that need protection from possible terrorist attack. As a result of this order, the Homeland Security Act of 2002 established the Department of Homeland Security, which now provides overall coordination for protecting the U.S. food supply from deliberate contamination. Finally, the Public Health Security and Bioterrorism Preparedness and Response Act of 2002 granted the FDA additional food safety enforcement authorities similar to those of the USDA. Cooperation with State and Local Food Safety Systems According to the U.S. Department Health and Human Services (HHS), more than 3,000 state, local, and territorial agencies are responsible for food safety in retail food establishments within their jurisdictions. Most states and territories have separate departments of health and of agriculture, while most counties and cities have similar food safety and inspection agencies. In most states and local jurisdictions, the department of health has authority over restaurants, while the agriculture department is responsible for food safety in retail supermarkets. While the states inspect meat and poultry sold in the state where they are produced, the process is monitored by the USDA’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS). Under the Wholesome Meat Act of 1967 and the Wholesome Poultry Products Act of 1968, state inspection programs are required to be â€Å"at least equal to† federal meat and poultry inspection programs. The federal FSIS takes over responsibility for inspections if a state voluntarily ends its inspection programs or fails to maintain the â€Å"at least equal to† standard. In a few states, state employees conduct meat and poultry inspections in federally-operated plants under federal-state cooperative inspection contracts.

Homelessness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Homelessness - Essay Example The sociological perspective applied to the research paper is social constructionism. This approach allows a researcher to examine and analyze development of homelessness in particular social contexts. This sociological perspective is chosen for analysis because the constructionist position emphasizes that the activities through which social problems like homelessness are constructed are both implicitly and intentionally. Social constructionism accounts for maintenance of social activities which lead to such problems as homelessness. Sociologists use the assumptions as a warrant for defining problems as real and observable social conditions, portraying their studies as objective analyses, and describing themselves as experts on social problems. The notion of homeless is difficult to define because it involves diverse social groups and diverse populations. Researchers propose different definitions which take into account different age groups and different social causes of homelessness, location and neighborhoods environment. For instance, Chamberlain and Johnson (2001) state that: "the literal definition equates homelessness with rooflessness', implying that homeless people are literally under the stars', or illegally occupying deserted premises" (p. 35). Traditional definitions of homelessness (Arden et al 2006) involve such groups as children, women, veterans, racial minorities, young mothers and drug users. Homeless are considered children who have been separated from their homeless parents and are in foster care or are living with relatives; a young mother and her children who have lived for two or three months at a time with different relatives during the past year or so, and who expect that, within the next few months , they will have to leave where they now live; a family or single person who migrated to a new town looking for work, lives with relatives, does not pay rent, cannot find work, and does not know how long the present arrangement will last or where to go if it terminates. A person can be defined as homeless if: there s no accommodation available for him/her, together with any other person who normally resides with him/her or who might reasonably expect to reside with him/her, which he/she can reasonably occupy or remain in occupation of" (Homeless n.d.). Homeless are considered people living in stable but physically inadequate housing (having no plumbing, no heating, or major structural damage, for example). The remainder is considered "at imminent risk" of literal homelessness, that is, if their current precarious housing arrangements fail, or if an institutional stay comes to a predictable end, they have neither prospects nor resources to keep themselves from literal homelessness (Luba and Davies 2006). A more expansive definition of homelessness includes the institutionalized who have no usual home elsewhere, the most unstable group among the precariously housed, or both. In terms of social constructionism, homelessness is caused by social conditions and circumstances which influence a person. Pervasive and rising homelessness is caused by social factors; that is, that it is a function of the way society's resources are organized and distributed. Luba and Davies (2006) emphasize a dramatically

Relationship interaction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Relationship interaction - Essay Example & Mrs. Smith. In the film Brad and Angeline play a married couple who both work as highly paid assassins. However, neither one in the beginning realizes that the other kills for a living. The couple, in the introduction of the film, was having marital problems but closer to the climax and the new found awareness that they were both in the same line of work, their romance rekindled. This marital problem which seemed to manifest upon the discovery of each other’s line but instead rekindled their lost romance can be gleaned on the following dialogue where there seems to be a disconnect in their COMMUNICATION CODES: The audience might have the initial impression that the couple is in conflict and their marriage is about to breakdown. What happened in fact was the opposite because the couple just needs a little adventure and â€Å"fire† in their relationship and this seeming conflict rekindled that romance again albeit this method is quite unusual. This just shows that Brad and Angelina had a majestic chemistry that transcended on film and generated a unique essence to the movie. It was obvious to notice the true attraction the actors had for each other despite the acted conflict. In addition to the theories observed between the couple’s roles during the movie, the nature of their off camera intimate relationship correlate with the INDEPENDENT COUPLES theory; THIS CONCEPT DESCRIBES MARRIED PARTNERS WHO EXHIBIT SHARING AND COMPANIONSHIP AND PSYCHOLOGICALLY INTERDEPENDENT BUT ALLOW EACH OTHER INDIVIDUAL SPACE. After shooting the movie Mr. Mrs. Smith, Angelina was quoted saying. † We both have been married before, so its not marriage that necessarily keeps some people together.† Brad and Angelina have been in a lasting relationship for over five years but have not married. However, they are committed to raising their children together and continued to allow the other to pursue their movie careers. Pitt and Jolies relationship became one of

Enron and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Enron and Ethics - Essay Example Arthur Anderson was recognized by the industry as one of the most prestigious accounting firms in the world. Even though the accounting scam Enron was running was a bit complex, a top accounting firm such as Arthur Anderson should have been able to recognize the accounting irregularities. The accounting firm turned a blind eye and they let the accounting scam continue for years. The Securities and Exchange Commission also did not do a good job of recognizing the scam in time. The SEC failed to perform its job of protecting the investors since they had at their disposal every annual report of the company with its financial statements and they fail to notice the scam the firm was running. The ethical meltdown the firm endured occurred because the executive managerial staff of the company was greedy and extremely unethical. They envision the company as the market leader in its industry when in reality the company had a business model that was completely flawed. At the end of the debacle when things were going down and the scam was revealed the top executives sold their shares fast before they completely lost all their value. The scam was such a secret that even president George Bush was a big backer of the company (Lashinsky, 2001). 2.

If the research budget is limited, there is no need to conduct Essay

If the research budget is limited, there is no need to conduct marketing research - Essay Example This essay discusses that as marketing research is important in the successful promotion of the products/service of an organisation, it must be given due consideration. It is inevitable for an organization to allot a separate budget for marketing research. Undoubtedly, an organisation that desires to thrive in the field can never say excuse for having not enough funds. As far as an organisation is concerned, market research is conducted not only for learning purpose but also for flawless decision making process. It is on the basis of the information gathered through research an organization decides whether or not to make changes in the existing product line. To illustrate, a well conducted research would propose multiple options for introducing new product line or entering into new markets. Apart from obtaining new customers, more importance must be given for retaining the existing customers. Long term loyalty and relationship between the organisation and the customers are not just d eveloped on a single day. They are the result of strenuous efforts made by the organisation by closely understanding the needs and preferences of the customers. Moreover, the data collected through market research can help marketers to make decision on product quality or services expansion. It may result in introducing more innovative product or redesigning the marketing strategy. Similarly, the potential problems associated with launching a new product can also be identified through marketing research. If the probable difficulties are known in advance, firms can take steps to address them on time. The research conducted after a product launch will help the firm to determine further steps. According to Malhotra & Dash (2009, p.45), Marketing research helps an organisation to know the demographics and psychographics of customers. It reveals the number of persons who buy the products, why they buy, when they buy, the frequency of their buying, and the sources of their buying; and it a lso includes the social status and the regional location of the customers (ibid). As market research bring out information regarding age, sex, population, buying behavior, and location, firms can easily determine whether to change their market segments or business destinations to more favorable ones. In the absence of such a study, taking flawless decisions is unlikely. Marketing research is one of the best ways of knowing the strategies of competitors, their identity, marketing network, scale of focus and many more. It is important for a business firm to observe how its rivals carry out business as it evaluates its own progress or loss. By imitating the competitors on an equal scale, one can retaliate on the same manner as the competitors do. These actions would help the firm not only to improve the product quality but also to obtain prospective customers for the organisation. Marketing research can sometimes be used as an evaluation tool which may help in making comparative studie s so that the organization can track its own progress over a period of time. In addition, in some occasions marketing research helps to explore what went wrong. For example, Johnson & Johnson Company probed into the poisoning of their capsules

Moth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moth - Essay Example This is an extremely large family of moths with an estimated 35,000 species. However, several geometers are known to be terrible pests. The caterpillars, known as loopers, inchworms or spanworms, feed on plants while some species are even carnivorous (‘Looper’, 2012). The family Noctuidae, or the owlet moths, are not only numerous in species but also robust – and they are the largest family. They have hind wings of bright colors. They are usually flying at night. They also invade flowers as many are attracted to sugar and nectar. Moreover, their larvae are crop pests (‘Cutworm Moth’, 2012). The family Cambridae is colored and patterned moths characterized by a special structure in the ears known as â€Å"praecinctorium,† which is responsible for joining the two tympanic membranes of the ears. The harmful Cambrid moth, or Grass Moth, has larvae which are typical stem borers of many important crops (‘Grass Moth’, 2012). ... The so-called tunnel moths make a silk lined tunnel and that during night time or winter, the caterpillar of the tunnel moth gathers grass foliage and drags them back into their tunnels. The caterpillars are very small and may be quote difficult to notice for they measure around 35 mm long only and 3 mm across (‘New pasture pest’, 2010). Pasture tunnel moths usually live in areas with higher rainfall, and they can cause significant damage to clovers, as well as annual and perennial grasses. The larvae are usually grey-colored in their bodies with black heads. The adult moth, on the other hand, is long and has a creamy-white color. The pasture tunnel moth usually cause the greatest damage during the months of July and August, during the rainy months, for rain has a great factors in stimulating this species of moth to feed more (‘Pasture tunnel moth’, 2009). Moreover, the pasture tunnel moth affects cereal crops (Perry et al., 2011). The first time that Philob ota species were identified in New Zealand was in February 2010 at the Ruakura Research Center in Hamilton, New Zealand. The migrant species are actually native to Australia, of which there are around 400 species, and where a number of these species are regarded as â€Å"minor pests of pasture† because it merely feeds on grass such as tall fescue trials and perennial ryegrass (Popay & Gunawardana, 2011). In case a New Zealand resident sees pasture tunnel moths, they should immediately contact MAF Biosecurity New Zealand (‘New pasture pest’, 2010). Based on the table below from the Asia & Pacific Plant Commission Protection, the first sighting of Philobota species in New Zealand was in 2010, and it was perhaps through the wind that

Business Ethics Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Business Ethics - Research Paper Example The factors that contribute to climate change include volcanic eruptions, solar radiation variations on the planet earth and plate tectonics (Schneider et al, 98). This paper describes the roles that governments, businesses and their customers ought to play in ensuring the environment is conserved and the effects of climate change are reduced. The authorities should lead the efforts of conserving the environments by establishing appropriate pieces of legislation to monitor and control our daily activities and the wastes we produce (Pittock 53). Through the intervention of the government, issues like waste disposal may be regulated for the purposes of reducing the amount of pollution emitted to the environment and leaving it clean (Schneider et al, 105). They should lead environmental cleanup efforts by regulating the production of materials which are not recyclable. For instance, the governments around the globe should control the production and disposal of plastic bags since they do not easily decompose and cannot be recycled (Keijzers 145). The regulation of the effluents that come from factories should be put in place to avoid the pollution that they may cause on water masses, the air and soil. The pollution caused by wastes from factories is the major reason that the world’s climate is rapidly changing thereby bringing effects like global warming (Keijzers 143). In conserving their environments, governments should also lead environmental cleanup processes like the going green campaigns while advocating for the use recycle bins and bags that are reusable (Pittock 52). They should also lead efforts aimed at promoting the use of natural forms of energy like solar or wind that have minimal effects on the environment (Schneider et al, 112). By encouraging environmental cleanup and conservation efforts among their citizens, governments will have played a big role in ensuring emissions

Moth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Moth - Essay Example This is an extremely large family of moths with an estimated 35,000 species. However, several geometers are known to be terrible pests. The caterpillars, known as loopers, inchworms or spanworms, feed on plants while some species are even carnivorous (‘Looper’, 2012). The family Noctuidae, or the owlet moths, are not only numerous in species but also robust – and they are the largest family. They have hind wings of bright colors. They are usually flying at night. They also invade flowers as many are attracted to sugar and nectar. Moreover, their larvae are crop pests (‘Cutworm Moth’, 2012). The family Cambridae is colored and patterned moths characterized by a special structure in the ears known as â€Å"praecinctorium,† which is responsible for joining the two tympanic membranes of the ears. The harmful Cambrid moth, or Grass Moth, has larvae which are typical stem borers of many important crops (‘Grass Moth’, 2012). ... The so-called tunnel moths make a silk lined tunnel and that during night time or winter, the caterpillar of the tunnel moth gathers grass foliage and drags them back into their tunnels. The caterpillars are very small and may be quote difficult to notice for they measure around 35 mm long only and 3 mm across (‘New pasture pest’, 2010). Pasture tunnel moths usually live in areas with higher rainfall, and they can cause significant damage to clovers, as well as annual and perennial grasses. The larvae are usually grey-colored in their bodies with black heads. The adult moth, on the other hand, is long and has a creamy-white color. The pasture tunnel moth usually cause the greatest damage during the months of July and August, during the rainy months, for rain has a great factors in stimulating this species of moth to feed more (‘Pasture tunnel moth’, 2009). Moreover, the pasture tunnel moth affects cereal crops (Perry et al., 2011). The first time that Philob ota species were identified in New Zealand was in February 2010 at the Ruakura Research Center in Hamilton, New Zealand. The migrant species are actually native to Australia, of which there are around 400 species, and where a number of these species are regarded as â€Å"minor pests of pasture† because it merely feeds on grass such as tall fescue trials and perennial ryegrass (Popay & Gunawardana, 2011). In case a New Zealand resident sees pasture tunnel moths, they should immediately contact MAF Biosecurity New Zealand (‘New pasture pest’, 2010). Based on the table below from the Asia & Pacific Plant Commission Protection, the first sighting of Philobota species in New Zealand was in 2010, and it was perhaps through the wind that

Arabic Knowledge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arabic Knowledge - Essay Example The knowledge of the Greeks, which was passed down to the Romans, would have been doomed to oblivion. However, due to the Arabs’ study of Greek knowledge and their distance from the effects of Rome’s downfall, many of the Greek studies in the humanities, sciences and mathematics were saved. In the study of humanities, the Arabs were able keep texts of philosophy in reference to renowned Greek philosophers Plato and Aristotle. Arab scholars such as Ibn-Sina or Avicenna and Ibn Rushd or Averroes were able to preserve the philosophical teachings of Aristotle and Plato with their own understanding and interpretation of their philosophical concepts. This led to the development on Neoplatonism and Aristotelianism, which later on was adopted by Christian monk-philosophers like Augustine of Hippo and Thomas of Aquinas. Western philosophy was possible due to the Arab preservation of Greek classical philosophy as the Roman Empire dissolved by the barbarian invasions and

Outcome Essay Example for Free

Outcome Essay Identify non medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in the work setting Non medical incidents and emergencies that may occur in work settings could be a fire, a flood or a lack of electricity/water/gas/heat. 3. 2. A. Outline the actions to take in response to in the following situations; fire If there was a fire in your nursery setting, you would have to do the simple fire drill. If you discover the fire, you would have to raise the alarm. Once you have raised the alarm, you would have to immediately evacuate the building using the nearest safe exit, someone would have to pick up the register on the way out. Staff would lead the children out in a nice straight line and you would go to the designated assembly point. The manager would then check all areas in the building (toilets, staff room, baby changing area, sleep room, play areas) etc to check there is no other children in the building. You would close all doors behind you and dial 999 and ask for the fire service. Whilst waiting for the fire service you would check the register to make sure you have all your children. If the fire was only small, you could attempt to put it out. If it was too dangerous to put out, you would leave it and evacuate ASAP with all the children in a single fire. 3. 2. B. Outline the actions to take in response to in the following situations; security incident If there was a security incident in your nursery there is a procedure you have to take. 3. 2. C. Outline the actions to take in response to in the following situations; emergency incident

Fashion Magazines Define Females Beauty Standard Media Essay

Fashion Magazines Define Females Beauty Standard Media Essay Advertisements in women magazines has became active when marketer realised the purchase power of women, Marchland, 1985 suggested that in 1920s female purchasing power took over 80 percent of the whole consumer purchases. That was because the gender role of female at that time was home orientated, they were responsible for familial expenditure. As time changes, when the market of home orientated product got saturated, marketing then stereotypes women interconnected with sexuality. Courtney and Lockeretz suggested four general stereotypes of women were presented in print advertisement: A womans place is in the home; women do not make important decisions or do important things; women are dependent and need mens protection; and men regard women primarily as sexual objects (Courtney Whipple, 1983 pp.7). The beginning of media influence on beauty standard The advertising agencies referred women as General Purchasing Agent, as purchasing agents, women could command respect for exhibiting qualities previously honoured primarily in men-capacities for planning, efficiency, and expert decision making (Marchand 1958 pp.168). The G.P.A has became a corner stone of advertising in the field of female market, during this period advertising often adopt the theme of successful woman gain social acceptance and social approval through employing or consuming a particular product. McEwen suggested in 1976 that, from the field of social psychology, advertising agencies have employed the belief of the social self as a principle technique in advertisements by defining what was socially approved and what was not. During the phrase of social acceptance, the media portrayed the role of women as being responsible for broadening their social and intellectual interests as well as maintain youthful in order to be a modern companion for their husbands. They needed to preserve their youth so that they could beautify their husbands lives and keep pace with them during evenings of dancing and the theatre (Marchand 1985 pp.175).The importance of being self conscious of body image and appearance has been introduced through media, especially with the reinforcement of advertising in the late 1920s. In the middle of her mechanically engineered kitchen, the modern housewife was expected to be overcome with issue of whether her self, her body, her personality were viable in the so cio sexual market that define her job. Advertisements used pictures of veiled nudes and women in auto-erotic stances to encourage self comparison and to remind women of the primacy of their sexuality (McEwen 1976 pp.179). The idealised female images in which portrayed in media has always been changing, so is the standard of beauty perceived within the society. The media provides idealised body images of women by providing role models or examples of attractive women, for example, catwalk models and actresses. In which, audiences could compare themselves with the idealised body shape or appearance. The idealised body shaped has changed from being voluptuous and curvaceous in the 1940s and 1950s to being busty and narrow-hipped from the late 1960s through the 1980s (Straight 2005 pp.2) The reason of which the idealised beauty standard has always been changing was because companies need to create an unsustainable beauty standard to ensure targeted consumer will keep purchasing different goods to maintain satisfied with their appearance. Freedman, 1986 mentioned the beauty ideal was impossible to achieve and this could lead to feelings of inadequacy. The feelings of inadequacy were often fed by cosmetic and diet product manufactures, in which the primary objective of their advertisement campaigns were to persuade women they could improve their imperfections only by consuming their products. However the effects of media have on audience can vary due to individual differences. Audience with different personalities, pass experiences and social context interpret the messages of the media differently, in addition, different medium also provides different influence for audience, and for example, the influence of advertisement shall be strongest among the mediums, because the principle of advertising is to influence audiences behaviour and value. Ethical issues with advertising influence The internalization of an attractiveness ideal and a perception of body dissatisfaction may serve to mediate the relationship between media exposure and disordered eating (Stice et al, 1994). Media Awareness Network journal reported over three quarters of the covers of womens magazines include at least one message on how to alter and improve womans bodily appearance by cosmetic surgery or diet. The ratio of diet ads in mens and women magazine is 1: 10, in which the ratio of eating disorders in men and women is identical. This indicates a relationship between exposure to diet ads and eating disorders, however gender differences may also affect behaviour. Theories of media influence on beauty standard Social comparison theory A theoretical model using social comparison processes can be offered to explain how exposure to the socio-cultural thin and attractive ideal leads to increased body dissatisfaction (Heinberg and Thompson, 1992; Smolak et al, 1993; Thompson et al, 1991). This theory suggests that individuals make upward comparison with others who offers specific, valued attributes. It also takes individual differences into account, for example, the differences in regard of self-esteem. Mintz and Betz, 1988, conducted a research that shown female college students who felt dissatisfied with their bodies image were more likely to conform to the stereotyped body presented in the media as attractive. This theory suggested that social comparison does not only occurs through comparison with images in the media but also with social group, e.g. friends and families member. The studies of social comparison often reported positive correlation between social comparison and body dissatisfaction. Schema theory Self-schema theory envisages body images as a mental construction rather than an objective evaluation (Markus, 1977). A self schema is an individuals mental perception of the way they are. This mental presentation has established over time mainly through pass experience of what others labelled or referred them in a particular way. For example, I am attractive or I am skinny. These kinds of attributes are taken into account in self concept and self esteem. Schema have been defined as cognitive generalizations about the self, derived from pass experiences, that organize and guide the processing of self-related information contained in the individuals social experience (Markus, 1977 pp.64). According to Markus, 1997, schematics constantly evaluate stimuli that are relevant for their body weight. Media images are one of the stimuli that trigger new schemas. The buyer decision processes According to Nicosia, F. 1966, a consumer decision making process involves five stages traditionally, which are problem recognition, information search, evaluate of alternatives, product choice and outcome. Problem recognition occurs when consumer realises a significant difference between the consumers current state and the ideal state he/she desired. The consumer sees this as a problem and requires a solution to solve, when the problem has been recognised, consumer will need adequate information to resolve the problem, in which the consumer will enter the information stage. There are briefly two kind of information search, the internal search and the external search. Internal search begins when consumer search alternative product from prior experience and his/her existing knowledge on a particular product and its alternatives, external search is when consumer gathers informative from external cues, for example, friends and advertisements. Finally, the consumer will enter the stage o f evaluation of alternatives. The buyer decision model are often used in advertisements, taking the Rimmel Mascara commercial 2007 as an example, the commercial started with Kate Moss ( the famous model) putting on mascara while a male narrator saying the more you put on, the sexier you are. The commercial intend to show differences between the audience current and ideal state of desire by showing the image of Kate Moss with the Rimmel Mascara on. By using a model that majority regard her as attractive, this create an upward comparison with others who offers specific, valued attributes. This could refer to the social comparison theory. The Rimmel Mascara also offered a solution for the problem, the commercial emphasis the more Rimmel mascara the audience put on the sexier they will be. The positive reinforcement shows the cause and effect of the Rimmel mascara and this increase the likelihood of conformity. Industry background Advertising industry The United Kingdom advertising industry was worth over  £16.5 billion in 2001. There are estimated 600 agencies in London and 20 agencies among the 600 agencies are full service agencies. Agencies can be categorized as 5 distinct types of agencies Creative agencies Media agencies Direct marketing agencies Digital/online agencies Full service agencies Role of the agencies Creative agencies work on behalf of clients, develop creative ideas for an advertising campaign. Media agencies consults clients on where, when and how to spending advertising budgets. Direct marketing agencies provide clients direct and strategic communication with the target audience, for example, direct mail. Digital/online agencies profession at digital communication. For example, search engine marketing. Full service agencies combine all the services of creative, media, direct marketing, digital/online agencies. Research questions and objectives Aim To explore the methods and strategies that advertising agencies use to influence womens perception of beauty standard. Research question Which methods and strategies used my advertising agencies are more efficient to stimulate womens conformity to the presented beauty ideal? Objectives To discuss the methods and strategies used by advertising agencies to influence female beauty standard. To compare the difference, between female in the age groups of 12-18 and 21 27, their perception of beauty standard influenced by printed advertisement. To investigate the ethical issue of advertising the idealised beauty. Research methodology Research approaches Deductive approach Deductive approach is employ when a researcher develops a hypothesis that can be tested by a research strategy. Inductive approach Inductive approach is employ when researchers collects information and develops theory as a result of information analysis. Research strategies There are mainly seven research strategies that are being used in business researches. Experiment. Questionnaire. Interview. Case study. Action research. Grounded theory. Ethnography. Archival research. Sampling Statisticians have proved the larger the sample size, the nearer its distribution will be to the normal distribution, statisticians also suggested that a sample size of 30 or more will be more likely to result in a sampling distribution for the mean that is close to normal distribution. Stutely, 2003 suggested a minimum number of 30 for statistical analysis provide valuable rule of thumb for the smallest number in each group of the overall sample. Therefore the sampling size of my primary research will be 30. Strategies for my primary research Experiment Experiment is a classical form of research that owes much to the natural science, although it features strongly in much social science research, particularly psychology. The purpose of an experiment is to study casual links; whether a change in one independent variable produces a change in another dependent variable (Hakim, 2000). The experiment strategy concerns the relationship between two variables, it is often used in explanatory or exploratory research to find out why and how questions. The experiment usually takes place in a strictly controlled situation, for example, laboratory to eliminate threats to internal validity. However, whilst the strictly controlled situation enhances the internal validity, the external validity is often hard to establish, as the controlled situation is often not a real life situation. Strategies for my secondary research Multiple source secondary data Multiple source secondary data will be an amalgam of both documentary and survey secondary data. It will take account of books, journals, articles, newspaper and previous research. The secondary research will be used to cover objectives below. It will be a mixture of qualitative (theoretical) and quantitative (numerical) data. To discuss the methods and strategies used by advertising agencies to influence female beauty standard. To investigate the ethical issue of advertising the idealised beauty. The reason of using a mixture of qualitative and quantitative date is to produce that can be statistically analyse to identify relationship between variables and to have theoretical data to support my research. How the experiment will be conducted The experiment will be carrying out in order to fulfil objective two. (Compare the difference, between female in the age groups of 12-18 and 21 27, their perception of beauty standard influenced by advertisement.) The reasons of choosing the age groups of 12-18 and 21-27 are because of the significant differences in cognitive maturity. Adolescents are also more likely to conform due to the high need of social acceptance. Hypothesis Adolescents are more likely to conform to the ideal beauty presented in the media. The sampling 30 participants in each age group. Participants selected by random sampling in central London. The experiment will be conducted under a controlled situation, for example, a conference room in London. Method The method below will be repeated in both 12-18 and 21-27 age group. Divide each age group participants into experimental group and control group. Both groups will be given a survey questioning how satisfy the participant feel about their appearance. Experimental group will be given 10 printed advertisements with attractive female before they answer the survey. The control group will not be given printed advertisements before they answer the survey. Compare the results of both experimental group and control group. Statistically analysis the result of both age groups. Resources Internet access for secondary data. Library access for secondary data. Experiment will be host in the conference room of my uncles office, in which permission has been gained and cost free. Excel software to analysis primary research. Printer. Financial resources Transport fees for participants involves in primary research. Additional cost for employing participants in primary research if volunteer participants could not be found. Budget 5 pounds transportation fee for each participant. Cost of employing participant will be estimated at 10 pounds each. Total cost = 90pounds.

Urban Legend of Ghostly Dreams :: Urban Legends

Ghostly Dreams of Owners Passed The following ghost story was told to me by a friend when I had a small group of friends over to my house in Massachusetts during spring break. He is a 20-year-old white male. The story was told at night after we had finished watching the show Lost on television, so the atmosphere was a little bit tense. It did not simply come up in context; I prompted all of my friends to tell any ghost stories or urban legends that they knew. I wrote the story down a few hours later after my friends left. This is as close to the story he told as I could remember at that time: My friend’s house is wicked old. Built in the 1700s, there’s a lot of really old stuff there. It may have been involved in the Underground Railroad. It has secret passageways and windows for servants to look in and talk to their masters. They originally lived in Springfield, Mass. and he [his friend’s Dad] knew the two people in the house in Agawam, Massachusetts previously. When he found out it was going on the market he decided to go buy it. Before they managed to complete the sale one of the two ladies died. And the other lady either died or left. At least one of them died in a room in the house. So after that they still decided to take the house. There were a few times when he tried to find things. And one time in particular he was looking for a ladder. He looked everywhere around the house including inside, outside, and in the shed. That night he had a dream and the dead previous owner came to him in the dream and told him to look in the shed aga in. The next day when he looked in the shed, the ladder was sitting right directly in the middle of it just like she had said in his dream. There was no way he could have missed it the day before. This happened on a couple different occasions with other items as well. As he told the story he used small hand motions to emphasize main points of the story and he paused after important points to allow the information to sink in; he did not sound nervous while telling the story, but he did try to convey a spooky atmosphere in an attempt to scare the audience.

What Were the Social and Political Impacts of the Partition of India and Pakistan?

India gained its independence from Britain on the 15th of August, 1946 but then was previously faced with another issue. Partition. Muslims and Hindus wanted to be separated into their own countries, but what impacts would this have economically and socially? I will answer this question, analyzing both aspects, throughout this essay. This essay is based on books and articles I have read as well as interviews from my family members and detailed research through the internet. One source I mainly used was a book by Gyanesh Kudaisya and Tai Yong Tan: The Aftermath of Partition in South Asia, which gave me a good idea of the aspects that were mostly impacted by the partition and how I should format this essay properly to thoroughly answer my question. Another book that greatly helped me was, The Economic Consequences of Divided India: a study of the economy of India and Pakistan, by Chandulal Nagindas Vakil. This book helped me answer the question of economy more detailed. I also interviewed my grandma, which gave me more of a cultural feel on how to answer this question. Towards the end of Britain’s 190 year rule over India, unavoidable issues began rising. These issues would be the reasons of Independence from Britain. Once the British began to see that their reign is coming to its end, they decided that they would first split the Hindus and Muslims before allowing India to gain its independence. So rose the issue of Partition. Though Hindus and Muslims had once lived peacefully together as brothers, that was soon changed and the notion of partition spread like a deadly virus. Muslims wanted to return to the previous days when India was under the Mughal Empire, which was the Muslim rule. They could not bear the idea of Hindus becoming more powerful or even equal to them. They also â€Å"†¦refused to learn English and to associate with the British†¦,† but once they saw â€Å"†¦that the Hindus were now in better positions in government†¦,† they knew that they had to put these differences between the British aside for now (Keen). Hindus were the same way, in the matter that they could not see Muslims ruling over them once again even though it might not be directly ruling but rather in higher authorities. Also, political leaders Jawaharal Nehru and Mohammad Jinnah were in a fit about who shall be the Prime Minister of India. This task of deciding was giving to Gandhi because of the high amount of respect everyone had for him. Choosing either one could lead to major controversies as well as violence because Nehru was Hindu and Jinnah was Muslim. After much contemplation Gandhi decided that they will divide India so that Jinnah could control the Pakistani Congress and Nehru the Hindustani Congress. Violence ensued and overnight people left their houses in a hurry to avoid being robbed, raped and killed. The social aftermath of the partition includes the civilians and their society. During this extreme upheaval and â€Å"†¦movement of some 12 million people, uprooted, ordered out, or fleeing their homes and seeking safety. Hundreds of thousands of people were killed, thousands of children disappeared, thousands of women were raped or abducted,† (english. emory. edu, Economist). Each religion were trying to reach the â€Å"†¦regions where their ancestors were from,† and like this â€Å"15 million refugees poured across the borders to regions completely foreign to them,† (Keen). Families were separated, uprooted and all in all destroyed. Other social impacts were that of simply talking to one another in society. Hindus would not talk to Muslims and vice versa. They mercilessly killed each other out of senseless rage of their differences. An example of this senselessness was when Gandhi was shot by a Hindu. Gandhi was also Hindu. Then why did this fellow Hindu kill Gandhi, a man of such high virtues and a major cause for independence? A man that was never a supporter of violence but in the end died of violence from his fellow Hindu? The cause was simply that â€Å"the Hindu detested Gandhi’s tolerance towards Muslims,† (Trueman). This caused an already unraveling society to unravel the last of its binding seams. It was literally rare to see a Hindu and Muslim together in a time of such anger and hate. There was nothing safe about this time and it was considered a blessing to come out alive even if in the poorest of conditions. The partition not only had an immense impact on the social aspect of the society but also on the economic aspect. Impacts included a decrease in confidence in enterprising and there was â€Å"an atmosphere of uncertainity and suspense,† (Anand). Investors and business men didn’t know if their shop would be burnt down the next day or if they were putting themselves and their family in danger by making themselves known. It also caused a â€Å"gap in demand, for products like cotton textile, glass, aluminium, vegetable oils, rubber goods, foot wear†¦,† (Anand). Also shortages of raw matierals were experienced in industries such as the â€Å"paper,leather tanning and some chemical industries,† (Anand). Another impact of the partition was that many of our skilled laborers were forced out of the country into the country of their ancestors. The partition of India was done in unnecessary rage over religion, society and a fight with the past that they could not let go. This partition broke the country into two parts so opposite from each other and whose hatred has not yet simmered down after all these years. This partition left so many scars on both the lands both socially and economically though the social impacts being more lasting and greater than the economic. These social impacts have remained though not as intense or violent as in 1947 but they have not yet gone and might never end but the economic issues listed previously have been dealt and handled and now India is a major rising power in the world.

Reflection Essay Writing Essay

English 98was a very informative and interesting class. It was taught by professor Rall, who is a wonderful person and excellent teacher. We covered lots of criteria material and discussed topics during the tenure of the class. We also learned many new ideas about the incidents going on in our country, which were great for us. Reading skills were also honed while reading various essays and stories. Essay writing was a major part of the class. We wrote essay on processed food and gun control, and gay matters. Each essay taught us about a different style or form of writing. I can honestly say my essay skills have improved tremendously over the course of this year thanks to the many skills learned in this class ; however, I do feel I need more practice in timed essay. We read our peers essays, correct the grammatical errors, gave suggestions to word placement, and sentence usage. Reviewing and correctional skills learned will be very helpful in the future as we continue to write essays during college. Seeing other people correct my essays helped me view my essays from different viewpoints. Sometimes letting someone else read your paper can help you come up with an idea to use in your paper that you might not have noticed before. I fell your class was very informative and i believe there is nothing to be changed. The way you discussed problems our world is going threw today made me get more engaged in the subjects. I feel my high school English classes were wasted because my teachers did not care, I was kicked out my junior year and I was sent to adult school. All we did was work out of the book, I was accepted back to my school my senior year. When i got sent back to high school i had a teacher who had our class engaged in the subject, I passed the class with an A+. You remind me of him and I enjoyed your class.

Nature of Linguistic Sign by Ferdinand de Saussure Essay

1. Sign, Signified Signifier Some people regard language, when reduced to its elements as a naming-process only–a list of words, each corresponding to the thing that it names. For example: operation–an assumption that is anything but true. But this rather naive approach can bring us near the truth by showing us that the linguistic unit is a double entity, one formed by the associating of two terms. We This conception is open to criticism at several points. It assumes that ready-made ideas exist before words; it does not tell us whether a name is vocal or psychological in nature (arbor, for instance, can be considered from either viewpoint); finally, it lets us assume that the linking of a name and a thing is a very simple have seen in considering the speaking-circuit that both terms involved in the linguistic sign are psychological and are united in the brain by an associative bond. This point must be emphasized. The linguistic sign unites, not a thing and a name, but a concept and a sound-image. The latter is not the material sound, a purely thing, but the psychological imprint of the sound, the impression that it makes on our senses. The sound-image is sensory, and if I happen to call it â€Å"material,† it is only in that sense, and by way of opposing it to the other term of the association, the concept, which is generally more abstract. The psychological character of our sound-images becomes apparent when we observe our own speech. Without moving our lips or tongue, we can talk to ourselves or recite mentally a selection of verse. Because we regard the words of our language as sound-images, we must avoid speaking of the â€Å"phonemes† that make up the words. This term, which suggests vocal activity, is applicable to the spoken word only, to the realization of the inner image in discourse. We can avoid that misunderstanding by speaking of the sounds and syllables of a word provided we remember that the names refer to the sound-image. The linguistic sign is then a two-sided psychological entity that can be represented by the drawing: The two elements are intimately united, and each recalls the other. Whether we try to find the meaning of the Latin word arbor or the word that Latin uses to designate the concept â€Å"tree,† it is clear that only the associations sanctioned by that languageappear to us to conform to reality, and we disregard whatever others might be imagined. Our definition of the linguistic sign poses an important question of terminology. I call the combination of a concept and a sound-image a sign, but in current usage the term generally designates only a sound-image, a word, for example (arbor, etc.). One tends to forget that arbor is called a sign only because it carries the concept â€Å"tree,† with the result that the idea of the sensory part implies the idea of the whole. Ambiguity would disappear if the three notions involved here were designated by three names, each suggesting and opposing the others. I propose to retain the word sign [signe] to designate the whole and to replace concept and sound-image respectively by signified [signifià ©] and signifier [signifiant]; the last two terms have the advantage of indicating the opposition that separates them from each other and from the whole of which they are parts. As regards sign, if I am satisfied with it, this is simply because I do not know of any word to replace it, the ordinary language suggesting no other. The linguistic sign, as defined, has two primordial characteristics. In enunciating them I am also positing the basic principles of any study of this type. 2. Principle I: the Arbitrary Nature of the Sign The bond between the signifier and the signified is arbitrary. Since I mean by sign the whole that results from the associating of the signifier with the signified, I can simply say: the linguistic sign is arbitrary. The idea of â€Å"sister† is not linked by any inner relationship to the succession of sounds s-ïÆ'Ëœ-r which serves as its signifier in French; that it could be represented equally by just any other sequence is proved by differences among languages and by the very existence of different languages: the signifiedâ€Å"ox† has as its signifier b-ïÆ'Ëœ-f on one side of the border and o-k-s (Ochs) on the other. No one disputes the principle of the arbitrary nature of the sign, but it is often easier to discover a truth than to assign to it its proper place. Principle I dominates all the linguistics of language; its consequences are numberless. It is true that not all of them are equally obvious at first glance; only after many detours does one discover them, and with them the primordial importance of the principle. One remark in passing: when semiology becomes organized as a science, the question will arise whether or not it properly includes modes of expression based on completely natural signs, such as pantomime. Supposing that the new science welcomes them, its main concern will still be the whole group of systems grounded on the arbitrariness of the sign. In fact, every means of expression used in society is based in principle on collective behavior or–what amounts to the same thing–on convention. Polite formulas, for instance, though often imbued with a certain natural expressiveness (as in the case of a Chinese who greets his emperor by bowing down to the ground nine times), are nonetheless fixed by rule; it is this rule and not the intrinsic value of the gestures that obliges one to use them. Signs that are wholly arbitrary realize better than the others the ideal of the semiological process; that is why language, the most complex and universal of all systems of expression, is also the most characteristic; in this sense linguistics can become the master-pattern for all branches of semiology although language is only one particular semiological system. The word symbol has been used to designate the linguistic sign, or more specifically, what is here called the signifier. Principle I in particular weighs against the use of this term. One characteristic of the symbol is that it is never wholly arbitrary; it is not empty, for there is the rudiment of a natural bond between the signifier and the signified. The symbol of justice, a pair of scales, could not be replaced by just any other symbol, such as a chariot. The word arbitrary also calls for comment. The term should not imply that the choice of the signifier is left entirely to the speaker (we shall see below that the individual does not have the power to change a sign in any way once it has become established in the linguistic community); I mean that it is unmotivated, i.e. arbitrary in that it actually has no natural connection with the signified. 3. Principle II: the Linear Nature of the Signifier The signifier, being auditory, is unfolded solely in time from which it gets the following characteristics: (a) it represents a span, and (b) the span is measurable in a single dimension; it is a line. While Principle II is obvious, apparently linguists have always neglected to state it, doubtless because they found it too simple; nevertheless, it is fundamental, and its consequences are incalculable. Its importance equals that of Principle I; the whole mechanism of language depends upon it. In contrast to visual signifiers (nautical signals, etc.) which can offer simultaneous groupings in several dimensions, auditory signifiers have at their command only the dimension of time. Their elements are presented in succession; they form a chain. This feature becomes readily apparent when they are represented in writing and the spatial line of graphic marks is substituted for succession in time. Sometimes the linear nature of the signifier is not obvious. When I accent a syllable, for instance, it seems that I am concentrating more than one significant element on the same point. But this is an illusion; the syllable and its accent constitute only one phonational act. There is no duality within the act but only different oppositions to what precedes and what follows.

Should the government provide free public education to children of Essay - 3

Should the government provide free public education to children of illegal immigrants - Essay Example Arguments for Educating †¢ Moral justification since the children are underage and did not choose to be illegals †¢ Criminal potential; uneducated immigrants might become criminals in future †¢ The American dream, America should welcome those who are projected for fighting for its ideologies in their countries such as democracy †¢ Economic Social and Educational Value, immigrants can play a role in the developing the country as teachers or business people IV. Conclusion †¢ Educating of immigrants children has both positive and negative impacts †¢ The position of Americans on the issue has softened over time †¢ These children should be given a chance at a better future Four hundred years ago, America welcomed visitors and immigrants from all over the world, with the passage of time, generations of these people and their descendants became the citizens of the United States. However, of late, immigration has become thorny topic and the American borders are no longer open to all due to a myriad of demographic and security issues. For one to become a citizen, there is a long process to be followed, and few people have the patience or the means to follow this up. Despite the legal restrictions, America is still, in the eyes of many people a haven of prosperity and security, and this has resulted to illegal immigrants who cross over the border through either land or sea to try their luck in the states. President Obama through the Dream act gave immigrant’s children who have been brought up in America a chance to pursue their education, which was previously impossible due to legal restrictions (Orchowski, 2010). This has elicited a myriad of reactions from different quarters with some agreeing, but many set against this move. This paper is will discuss the two sides of the argument and attempt to argue out that the children of immigrants should be given a chance at an education in the United States. Americans opposing this ofte n have come up with several arguments to support their position; they include claiming that; allowing the children of these immigrants access to public education in America is self-defeating. This is because it implies that the American government is using taxpayer’s money to fund the US border patrol to keep out illegal immigrants, while at the same time educating their children from the same coffers. They argue that the education of immigrant’s children will drive up the taxes especially in view if the fact that their parents, who have no social security numbers, do not pay taxes, as such it is the taxpayer who will bear the whole burden. In addition, another argument is that the education of illegal immigrants is a slap in the face of those legal migrants who have worked hard and paid the taxes. Besides, immigrants might be an encouragement to come to the country purposefully, so that they can get an education hence, in the end, they will spur more immigrants to com e over escalating the illegal immigrants problems. To mitigate this, the Dream act covers only the children who had been in America before it was enacted, but admittedly, it will be hard to ensure it will not encourage future immigrants to cross over illegally. While one must concede that these arguments are valid largely, they do not tell the whole story; neither do they represent all the variables that arise when an immigrant’s child is educated in the states. At the need of the day, it is essential one considers the advantages of