River Valley Civilizations of the Middle East Vocab

1. Pastoralism- the practice of raising gunstock 2. tan Met exclusivelyurgy- the study of the chemicals of the metal Bronze 3. cast-iron Metallurgy- the study of the chemicals of the metal Iron 4. Nile- gives passel fresh water and is a major source for Egypt. The yearly application is that it floods the river valley and moist prolific buck is left behind. The resource the Nile has is the floodplain luxuriant of fertile land 5. Cataract- an unnavigable offer of rapids and waterfalls 6. Delta- at sensation of the exterminates of rivers where the river spreads into many diametric streams 7.Silt- fine sand or system that is easily carried by water 8. Papyrus- some another(prenominal) font of paper that early subtletys utilize to write impotant info. It is thicker than paper 9. Irrigation- a solve of saturating the land to be able to come crops on it 10. Amun-Re- beau ideal of state and to whom park people turn to for adversity 11. Osiris- divinity fudge of the unde rworld his brother killed him and spread his proboscis parts e precisewhere. His wife rec everywhereed them and gave him a proper burial. The divinitys were impressed and brought back to smell Osiris, exclusively as a spirit, or god of the underworld 12.Seth- god of pandemonium brother of Osiris who killed Osiris 13. Horus- son of Osiris associated with the pharaohs and the Sun 14. Ptah- the chief(prenominal)(prenominal) god of the ancient city of Memphis he is a creator god and god of architecture and crafts 15. Isis- wife of Osiris goddess that dealt with speaking to the dead, flummox nback the dead to life, curing the sick, and magic 16. Hathor- Cow- goddess of slam and music 17. Maat- goddess of physical and moral law of Egypt, order and truth 18. Aten- god of the sun as in a solar disk that had rays coming towards creation which represented human hands gain for ankh the pharaoh 19.Upper Egypt- up river or up the Nile river that reached the cataracts to Memphis 20. p ress down Egypt- from Memphis to the delta part of the Nile River 21. Menes- king of Memphis in dismay Egypt 22. Theocracy- a reference of government where the priest rules the name of God or a god 23. Pharaoh- an emperor that command Egypt 24. Vizier- a high official 25. Bureaucracy- a type of government where important decisions are persistent by state officials kinda than take representatives 26. Hieroglyphics- Egypts writing that showed events that happened 27.Nubia- Country below Egypt that competed and fought with Egypt for land and who is more compelling 28. gray Kingdom- the first kingdom of Egypt were the Pharaohs forced thrashers to take a leak huge pyramids 29. Middle Kingdom- Pharaohs became less forceful and they mostly were concerned virtually strange affairs and they lived during a time of extensive prosperity or surplus 30. go- amongst Periods- the first intermediate period was between Egypt and Nubia. They both fought over land and ab forth politics and they had five wars. The second one was the fight between Egypt and the Hyksos, or clam riding nomads.The Hyksos had tan weapons that they obtained from Hittites and the Mesopotamians. Once again, they fought over land but in the end, Egypt obtained bronze weapons and pushed the hyksos out of Egypt. 31. New Kingdom- the Pharaohs in this date had lesser power than their ancestors, but they did puddle palaces, temples, and monumental statues to show off their power. They did work to extend the land occupancy of Egypt beyond the Nile delta. 32. Hyksos- horse-riding nomads who had bronze weapons obtained from the Hittites and the Mesopotamians.They henpecked Egypt for a while, but Egypt finally obtained bronze weapons also and pushed the Hyksos out of Egypt. 33. Hatshepsut- First woman pharaoh who forced workers to shape up a statue of her 34. Fertile Crescent- the Middle due east the area where the land was very fertile to farm 35. Mesopotamia- the land between the rivers, or the land in-between the Tigris river and the Euphrates river 36. Tigris and Euphrates rivers- the significance of these rivers were that Mesopotamia had very little rainfall, but these rivers supplied a spectacular amount of fresh water.The resources the rivers supplied were the ability to get on wheat, barley, and peas. 37. City-State- the early people had to control inherent and external problems so they created a city-state. at heart the city they controlled order and authority and prevented problems with urban citizens causing civil disorder. Externally from the city, you desire a government to control outside affairs such as factory farm in surrounding regions and authority in neighboring territories 38. Ur- a Sumerian city-state that dominated (with others) public affairs 39.Ziggurat- distinctive stepped pyramids that housed temples and altars to the principal local deity 40. Cunei function- a form of writing used in Mesopotamia, Persia and Ugarit that winding wedged shapes on clay tablets 41. Sargon of Akkad- a talented administrator and a shining warrior who conquered all the cities of Sumeria. His life span was from 2370-2315 b. c. e 42. Epic of Gilgamesh- the story of a hero, who killed an black monster, rescued Uruk from a ravaging hoot and matched his wits to the gods. Enkidu, a cherished partner of Gilgamesh, offended the gods and he was sentenced to death.He wanted to turnout death and have a deathless life so he give a magical plant that disposed(p) that, but a serpent take it and this made Gilgamesh realized the death is the last fate for all human-beings 43. Hammurabis Code- if a person is an offender, or someone who does something morally wrong, he/she shall face a uncut punishment such as death, or cutting your hands off. 44. Sumeria- first civilization of Mesopotamia which prospered with its many different cities 45. Babylonia- dominated Mesopotamia because of its neat culture.The king was Nebuchadnezzar who create fam ous buildings. Babylonia was neat until the Assyrian empire took over 46. Assyria- they were occupyed in enforcing laws and expansion. After they took Babylonia, they expanded much of southwest Asia. They conquered Syria, Palestine, most of Anatolia, and most of Egypt. They believed in Hammurabis laws. King Assurbanipal had a library that saved great literature that survived to present day. 47. modern Babylonia/Chaldean- a Babylon soldier named Nabopolassar wanted to bring down Assyrian rule, but Egypt supported the Assyrians.There were many battles and Babylonia was jump to win and they captured the capital of Assyria. Meanwhile, Babylonia captured Jerusalem and in that location were peace treaties between the Cilician and the Syennesis leaders. In the end Babylonia dominated over Assyria 48. Hittites- they migrated to Anatolia where they imposed their languages and ruled the people there. They built a power kingdom which had close relations with Mesopotamia. They traded wi th Babylonia and Assyria and they adoptive cuneiform writing. Later the Hittites conquered eastern Anatolia, Union Mesopotamia, and Syria all the down to Phoenicia. 9. Patriarchal- a type of government in which the eldest male has all the power and male posterity will get the power eventually. 50. Hebrew- a language and a religion that people from early times to present day practice 51. Phoenicians- an early Greek society. They did non have a monarchy, but rather different city-states with local kings. They interest in state building and their military. They deeply influenced other civilizations because of their industry and trade networks. They traded overland and they traded goods such as raw materials, or textiles, decorative items, pottery, etc.They also created their own alphabet which indicated their interest in literature, religion, and historical writings. 52. Indo-European- Common languages were sometime(a) Persian, Greek, and Latin in Europe because indo-Europeans mi grated all over Eurasia. The origin of Indo-European was in present day Ukraine and southern Russia. They built their society in 4500 to 2500 b. e. c. They raised cattle, sheep, goats, and they domesticated horses. They used horses for wagons, carts, and chariots for travel. The Indo-Europeans migrated south, east, and west distributing their language.