'Chapter 32 Ap World History Outline Essay\r'

'A. Postcolonial Crises and Asiatic Economic Expansion, 1975â€1990 I. Revolutions, Depressions, and Democratic Reform in Latin the States 1. The success of the Cuban Revolution both energized the revolutionary left throughout Latin America and guide the get together States to organize its policy-making and legions allies in Latin America in a struggle to defeat communism. 2. In brazil nut a putsch in 1964 brought in a military disposal whose combination of dictatorship, use of wipeout squads to eliminate opposition, and use of tax and tariff policies to encourage industrialization through import substitution came to be known as the â€Å"brazil nutian source.” Elements of the â€Å"Brazilian Solution” were applied in Chile byte government of sniffyo Pinochet, whose CIA-assisted coup overthrew the socialist all(a)ende government in 1973 and in genus genus Argentina by a military regime that seized power in1974. 3. Despite reverses in Brazil, Chile, and Arg entina, revolutionary fecal matters persisted elsewhere. In Nicaragua the Cuban-backed Sandinista movement overthrew the government of Anastasia Somoza and ru conduct until it was defeated in lax elections in1990. In El Salvador the Farabundo Marti National Liberation count (FMLN) fought guerrilla war against the military regime until declining favourite support in the 1990s led the rebels to treat an end to the armed conflict and transform themselves into a political party. 4. The military dictatorships ceremonious in Brazil, Chile, and Argentina all came to an end between 1983 and 1990. All lead regimes were undermined by reports of kidnapping, torture, and turpitude; the Argentine regime similarly suffered from its invasion of the Falkland Islands and consequent military defeat by Britain. 5. By the end of the 1980s oil-importing nations like Brazil were in economical trouble because they had borrowed heavily to expect the high oil prices engineered by OPEC. The oil-exp orting nations such as Mexico side of meatd crises because they had borrowed heavily when oil prices were high and move in the 1970s, scarce found themselves unable to nurse up with their debt payments when the price of oil fell in the 1980s. 6. In 1991 Latin America was more dominate by the joined States than it had been in1975. This may be seen in the United States’ use of military force to interfere in Grenada in 1983 and in Panama in 1989. II. Islamic Revolutions in Iran and Afghanistan\r\nSee more: what is render format \r\n1. Crises in Iran and Afghanistan exist to involve the superpowers; the United States reacted to these crises with restraint, nevertheless the Soviet concretion took a bolder and at tenacious last disastrous course. 2. In Iran, American backing and the corruption and inefficiency of Shah Muhammad Reza Pahlavi’s regime stimulated popular resentment. In 1979 street demonstrations and strikes toppled the Shah and brought a Shi’i te cleric, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, to power. The overthrow of an ally and the innovation of an anti-western Islamic republic in Iran were blows to American prestige, scarcely the United States was unable to do anything about it. 3. In the fall of 1980 Iraqi leader Saddam ibn Talal Hussein invaded Iran to topple the Islamic Republic. The United States supported Iran at first, but then in 1986 tilted toward Iraq. 4. The Soviet center faced a more real problem when it sent its army into Afghanistan in 1978 in order to support a upstartly established communist regime against a hodgepodge of local, religiously inspired guerilla bands that controlled much of the countryside. The Soviet compass north’s struggle against the American-backed guerillas was so costly and caused so much domestic discontent that the Soviet leading withdrew their troops in 1989 and left the rebel groups to weigh with each separate for control of Afghanistan. III. Asiatic alteration\r\n1. Th e Japanese thrift grew at a speedy rate than that of any other major certain country in the 1970s and 1980s, and Japanese second-rate income outstripped that of the United States in the 1990s. This economic gain was associated with an industrial economy in which keiretsu (alliances of firms) received government economic aid in the form of tariffs and import regulations that inhibited immaterial competition. 2. The Japanese model of close cooperation between government and perseverance was imitated by a small fleck of Asian states, or so notably by southern Korea, in which four giant corporations led the right smart in develop heavy industries and consumer industries. Hong Kong and Singapore too genuine modern industrial and commercial economies. All of these newly industrialize economies shared certain characteristics: civilise and hard- building force movement forces, investment in didactics, high order of personal savings, export strategies, government sponsor ship and protection, and the ability to set down their\r\nindustrialization with the latest engineering science. 3. In China aft(prenominal) 1978 the regime of Deng Xiaoping carried out successful economic reforms that allowed secret enterprise and foreign investment to exist on base the inefficient state-owned enterprises and which allowed individuals and families to contract farming(a) land and enkindle it as they liked. At the same time, the command economy remained in place and China resisted political reform, notably when the Communist Party crushed the protests in Tiananmen whole in 1989. B. The End of the Bipolar military man, 1989â€1991\r\nI. Crisis in the Soviet Union\r\n1. During the presidency of Ronald Reagan the Soviet Union’s economy was strained by the attempt to apprehension massive U.S. spending on armaments, such as a space-based missile protection system. The Soviet Union’s obsolete industrial plants, its inefficient aforethought(ip) ec onomy, its declining standard of living, and its unpopular war with Afghanistan fuel doyen underground current of protest. 2. When Mikhail Gorbachev took over the leadership in 1985 he tried to address the problems of the Soviet Union by introducing a policy of political openness (glasnost) and economic reform (perestroika). II. The Collapse of the Socialist axis of rotation\r\n1. Events in east Europe were very authorised in forcing change on the Soviet Union. The activities of the Solidarity labor union in Poland, the emerging alliances between patriot and religious opp championnts of the communist regimes, and the economic failing of the communist states themselves led to the fall of communist governments across Eastern Europe in 1989 and to the reunification of Germany in 1990. 20. The weakness of the central government and the rise of nationalism led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in folk 1991. Ethnic and religious divisions also led to the dismemberment of Yugos lavia in 1991 and the division of the Czech Republic in 1992. III. The Persian Gulf warfare, 1990â€1991\r\n1. Iraq invaded bully of Kuwait in August 1990 in an attempt to gain control of Kuwait’s oil fields. Saudi Arabia felt threatened by Iraq’s action and helped to draw the United States into award in which American forces led a coalition that drove Iraq out of Kuwait but left Saddam Hussein in power. 2.\r\nThe Persian Gulf War restored the United States’ confidence in its military capability while demonstrating that Russiaâ€Iraq’s motive allyâ€was impotent. Cather Challenge of Population Growth\r\nI. demographic Transition\r\n1. The nation of Europe almost duple between 1850 and 1914, and while some Europeans saw this as a blessing, Thomas Malthus argued that unchecked race growth would outstrip food production. In the years immediately following military man War I Malthus’s views were dismissed as Europe and other industrial so cieties go acrossd demographic transition to demoralise fruitfulness grade. 2. The demographic transition did not occur in the Third World, where some leaders actively promoted self-aggrandizing families until the economic shocks of the 1970s and 1980sconvinced the governments of maturation countries to abandon the pronatalist policy. 3. World population exploded in the twentieth century, with most of the growth taking place in the poorest nations imputable to high fertility rates and declining mortality rates. tithe Industrialized Nations\r\n1. In the developed industrial nations of occidental Europe and Japan at the beginning of the twenty-first century, higher levels of female education and employment, the material value of consumer culture, and access to contraception and abortion clear unite to produce low fertility levels. Low fertility levels combined with improved life expectancy provide lead to an increasing be of retirees who go out desire on a relatively sma ller human body of working adults to pay for their social services. 2. In Russia and the other former socialist nations, current birthrates are lower than death rates and life expectancy has declined. III.The growth Nations\r\n1. In the twenty-first century the industrialized nations will continue to fall behind the developing nations as a percentage of domain of a function population; at current rates, 95 percent of all afterlife population growth will be in developing regions, oddly in Africa and in the Islamic countries. 2. In Asia, the populations of China and India continued to grow patronage government efforts to reduce family size. It is not clear whether or not the nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America will experience the demographic\r\ntransition seen in the industrialized countries, but fertility rates have fallen in the developing world where women have had access to education and employment outside the home. IV. Old and Young Populations\r\n1. demographic pyra mids generated by demographers illustrate the different age distributions in nations in different stages of economic development. 2. The developed nations face aging populations and will have to rely on immigration or change magnitude use of technology (including robots) in order to maintain industrial and agri cultural production at levels sufficient to support their relatively high standards of living and their generous social public assistance programs. 3. The developing nations have relatively young and cursorily growing populations but face the problem of providing their community with education and jobs while struggling with shortages of investment capital and poor transportation and communications networks. D. Unequal ontogenesis and the Movement of Peoples\r\nI. The Problem of Growing Inequality\r\n1. Since 1945 ball-shaped economic productivity has created unprecedented levels of material abundance. At the same time, the industrialized nations of the Northern Home to make love a larger share of the world’s wealth than they did a century ago; the legal age of the world lives in poverty. 2. Regional inequalities within nations have also grown in both the industrial countries and in the developing nations. II. Internal Migration: the Growth of Cities\r\n1. Migration from country-style areas to urban centers in the developing world change magnitude threefold from 1925 to 1950 and accelerated rapidly after 1950. 2. Migrants to the cities largely enjoyed higher incomes and better standards of living than they would have had in the countryside, but as the scale of rural to urban migration grew, these benefits became more elusive. Migration placed impossible burdens on raw material services and led to burgeoning slums, shantytowns, and crime in the cities of the developing world. III. Global Migration\r\n1. Migration from the developing world to the developed nations increased substantially after 1960, leading to an increase in racial and et hnic\r\ntensions in the host nations. Immigrants from the developing nations brought the host nations the same benefits that the migration of Europeans brought to the Americas a century before. 2. Immigrant communities in Europe and the United States are made up of young adults and tend to have fertility rates higher than the rates of the host populations. In the long run this will lead to increases in the Muslim population in Europe and in the Asian and Latin American populations in the United States, and to cultural conflicts over the definitions of citizenship and nationality. E. Technological and environmental Change\r\nI. innovative Technologies and the World Economy\r\n1. New technologies developed during World War II increased productivity, reduced labor requirements, and improved the flow of information when they were applied to industry in the postwar period. The application and development of technology was spurred by pent-up demand for consumer goods. 2. Improvements in animated technologies accounted for much of the world’s productivity increases during the mid-fifties and 1960s. The improvement and widespread application of the computer was particularly significant as it transformed office work and manufacturing. 3. Transnational corporations became the primary agents of these technological changes. In the post-World War II years transnational corporations with multinational ownership and management became increasingly powerful and were able to escape the controls imposed by national governments by modify or threatening to shift production from one country to another. II. Conserving and Sharing Resources\r\n1. In the 1960s, environmental activists and political leaders began warning about the environmental consequences of population growth, industrialization, and the expansion of agriculture onto fringy lands. environmental degradation was a problem in both the developed and developing countries; it was especially severe in the forme r Soviet Union. In attempting to address environmental issues, the industrialized countries faced a contradiction between environmental protection and the desire to maintain rates of economic growth that depended on the profligate consumption of goods and resources. 2. In the developing world population growth led to extreme environmental pressure as forests were felled and\r\nmarginal land developed in order to overstate food production. This led to erosion and water pollution. III. Responding to Environmental Threats\r\n1. The governments of the United States, the European Community, and Japan took a number of initiatives to preserve and protect the environment in the 1970s. Environmental awareness spread by means of the media and grassroots political movements, and most nations in the developed world enforced strict antipollution laws and sponsored massive recycle efforts. 2. These efforts, many of them made possible by new technology, produced significant results. But in the de veloping world, population pressures and weak governments were major obstacles to effective environmental policies.\r\n'