Alfred Hitchcocks Rear Window - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 849 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/25 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Alfred Hitchcock Essay Film Analysis Essay Movie Essay Did you like this example? The film ‘Rear Window’, directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1954, enthralled worldwide audiences through its clever and original depiction of a suburban murder. It is a widely renowned crime thriller that employs many conventions of the genre, while subverting others, in order to portray a realistic environment that collapses into tension and mistrust. The depiction of protagonist L. B Jefferies as the ‘everyman’ is an important subversion of the conventional detective, piquing the audiences curiosity and interest in the film. From behind Hitchcock’s camera we are invited the compassionately view the world of a ‘normal’ man who is plucked from his ordinary life through the extraordinary events that he witnesses. By playing with the idea of a ‘normal’ guy getting caught in threatening circumstances, Hitchcock suggests that crime can infiltrate any part of society, and affect anyone. Hitchcock’s inventive camerawo rk, in showing us the apartment complex from Jefferies’ point of view, is an interesting technique used to involve the viewer in the films action. By watching the other apartments through Jefferies’ binoculars and camera lens, we are incriminated in his voyeuristic pursuits. Later in the film Jefferies echoes the viewers sentiments, questioning the ‘ethics’ of ‘watching someone even if they’re not guilty’. Yet he continues to observe, and there is a certain ‘guilty thrill’ in that for both him and the audience. A subversion of the crime fiction genre occurs through Hitchcock’s depiction of the protagonist as injured and incapacitated. In both the ‘classical’ and ‘hard-boiled’ eras of crime fiction, the protagonist was portrayed as a ‘physical’ investigator. Particularly in texts like ‘The Big Sleep’, where investigator Philip Marlowe traverses multiple setting s in order to piece together the differing parts of a crime. To overcome the limitations of an incapacitated protagonist Hitchcock gives the camera human qualities, making it view things Jefferies cannot, and revealing hints on character and plot details. The beginning of the film is a good example of how he employs this technique. The camera pans around Jefferies apartment, pausing on certain objects to emphasize their importance. The viewer realizes that he is a photographer who broke his leg in an accident, as evident from his leg cast, the photographs mounted on the wall and the broken camera on the table. Circumventing the problem of a physically ‘unable’ Jefferies also uncovers another subversion of a genre element through Hitchcock’s portrayal of Lisa. Jefferies ‘secondhand’ viewing is coupled with Lisa’s physical investigating to give a rounded view of the crime and investigation. Furthermore, the film depicts Lisa taking the dom inant role in the relationship, showing a dramatic shift in the nature of the traditional gender investigator, and calling into question the stereotypical role of the male ‘hero’. Lisa is depicted as a sort of ‘femme fatale’ in ‘Rear Window’ through the representation of her dysfunctional relationship with Jefferies. In a style characterized by the ‘hard-boiled’ works of authors like Raymond Chandler and Dashiel Hammett, the two fire off cynical and sharp witticisms at each other, while hinting at their romantic chemistry. The crime of murder is a very conventional part of a crime fiction story, but the way in which Alfred Hitchcock chooses to depict the murderer in ‘Rear Window’ is in a uniquely sympathetic light. In the context of the 1950s this was a bold move that separated the story from other similar thrillers within the crime genre. In both the ‘classical’ and ‘hard-boiled’ eras o f crime fiction, the criminal or murderer was generally portrayed without many redeeming features, yet in Hitchcock’s film there is a sense that Thorwald (the murderer) may have been drawn to the deed through the incessant nagging of his wife, and we begin to pity him as he is watched by Jefferies without any knowledge that he is under scrutiny. Furthermore, Jefferies involvement in the crime seems to be a want of ‘diversion’ from the normal, or to satiate his need for excitement, and his eager ‘viewing’ from his apartment window initially makes him a hard investigator to trust and heightens sympathy for Thorwald. With the limited selection of people in an isolated environment Hitchcock uses a convention popularized by the ‘classical’ era of crime fiction, of which authors like Agatha Christie and Arthur Conan Doyle were a part. The murder occurs in a closed community with a limited number of incongruent suspects. In essence Hitchc ock shows the audience a microcosm of 1950s American society through Jefferies rear window, with each apartment and character representing a different facet of that society. By limiting the scope of the investigation Hitchcock is able to focus on, or give a commentary about the different issues of the time, reflecting the context of the film with Cold War sentiments of unease and distrust of ‘neighbors’. Alfred Hitchcock thrilled audiences in the 1950s with his crime thriller ‘Rear Window’, through its unique and realistic depiction of a claustrophobic apartment complex thrown into disarray after a murder takes place. Hitchcock both employs and subverts many conventions of the crime genre in making the film such a large commercial and critical success. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alfred Hitchcocks Rear Window" essay for you Create order

Franklin D Roosevelt and the American Political System

The United States can be considered to be the result of its presidents and of the politics they undergone. Almost all the presidents of the United States are considered to have been leaders in their own times. From this point of view, Franklin Delano Roosevelt is one of the most influential and most powerful men in the history of the US. He led the United States out from a crisis the US would emerge victoriously and into a war it would win. The Great Depression and the period of the New Deal was a trying time for the United States. From this point of view, the president played a crucial role. FDR may be credited with holding the nation together during the catastrophe of the Great Depression, patching together a welfare state American-style, and bringing a reluctant citizenry to support the embattled nations of Europe (Abott, 1990). In this sense, the Crisis of 1929-32 was the cornerstone for the Roosevelt Administration. At that moment in time, the entire population was in disarray from an economic and social point of view. Another crucial element at the beginning of the Roosevelt Administration was the reconstruction attempts. More precisely, they had to focus on the best means available for reconstructing the country as well as its citizens. Roosevelt addressed the challenges he faced in a very pragmatic manner. While running for president, he underlined the need for employment as a result of the 1929 crisis. More precisely even, in order to reach the highestShow MoreRelatedA Man With No Bounds Essay1005 Words   |  5 PagesFranklin D. Roosevelt he is not just a person, he is a legacy the way he approached problems in his time â€Å"in charge†. The way he spoke to people was just outright amazing, like in his Infamy Speech after Pearl Harbor when he said, â€Å"With confidence in our armed forces, with the unbounding determination of our people, we will gain the inevitable triumph -- so help us God.† While in his long presidency, Franklin D. Roosevelt was considered by many, a amazing president who made all the right decisionsRead MoreGeneral Info And Early Political Career1401 Words   |  6 PagesGeneral info and Early Political Career Franklin Delano Roosevelt was born in 1882 in New York to a rich family. He went to Groton School and Harvard College to get an education. He married Eleanor Roosevelt and had six children with her. His hobbies included stamp collecting and relaxing on his yacht. He started his political career in 1910 when he joined the New York State Senate and then continued on as the Assistant Secretary of the Navy under President Woodrow Wilson. He ran for vice presidentRead MoreHow Roosevelt And His New Deal Prolonged The Great Depression1395 Words   |  6 PagesHow Roosevelt And His New Deal Prolonged The Great Depression The traditional view of Franklin D. Roosevelt is that he motivated and helped the United States during the â€Å"Great Depression† and was a great president, however, as time has passed, economist historians have begun analyzing Roosevelt’s presidency. Many have concluded that he did not help America during the Great Depression but instead amplified and prolonged the depression. Jim Powell wrote about FDR economic policies and did an excellentRead MoreEssay on APUSH DBQ- Hoover vs. Roosevelt774 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿DBQ #3 President Franklin D. Roosevelt, the thirty-second president of the United States, was a central figure for the United States in the 20th Century. While leading his country out of The Great Depression, he also led the nation through World War II. Herbert Hoover, the thirty-first President, led the country during the Great Depression and his policies enforced at that time eventually led to his downfall because of their inability to end the downward economic spiral. Both of these PresidentsRead MoreThe Great Depression Of 19291125 Words   |  5 Pagesday to day life of the citizens of America and also the government operations. Everything needed to be altered. The Great Depression of 1929 in the United Sates impacted the social life of the citizens, the economy of the nation, and also the political system of the nation. First, the Great Depression impacted the nation socially and culturally. During the depression, people found providing food on the table to be difficult, which resulted in the rise of crime rate because people committed crimesRead MoreThe Great Depression : The Crash, Burn, And Reparation Of The American Economy1053 Words   |  5 Pagesand Reparation of the American Economy Imagine that you received a huge bonus from your occupation that compensates almost $50,000 a year. You go to your bank to cash your paycheck, only to have the bank clerk disclose that they do not have your money. The financial institution went belly up, losing all the money within it because of external sources. This paper discusses the reason behind the Great Depression and distinct policies generated to mend the American financial system that began when theRead MoreThe Social Security Act During The Great Depression924 Words   |  4 Pages During the Great Depression people lost their jobs and didn t have money available when they retired. Franklin Roosevelt wanted citizens to have money available if they became unable to work anymore or not start work at all because of an unforeseen event in their life. By reading the debate and ideas of the Act, a better understanding of how the Social Security Act came to be can be gained. The Social Security Act was created in 1935 for p eople that are disabled who can t work at all and forRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt vs. Barack Obama755 Words   |  4 PagesFranklin D. Roosevelt vs. Barack Obama The economy of the 1930s was a devastating financial situation that the American public will never forget. However, this doesn’t mean that history will cease to repeat itself. The political policies of Franklin Delano Roosevelt are often acknowledged for the relief of our country’s depression and some of which are still in effect today. To avoid our current recession, will Barack Obama choose to base his policies off of FDR’s in hopes that the same plan willRead MoreFranklin Roosevelts New Deal1672 Words   |  7 Pages The date is March 12, 1933. Ordinary Americans and their families sit together in their living rooms as they turn the knob on their radios. The words â€Å"Good evening, my friends†¦Ã¢â‚¬  echo audibly over the static and ambient noise, and the President of the United States, Franklin D. Roosevelt informs the nation of his New Deal and planned solutions to the problems of post-Depression America. He speaks warmly and directly, addressing the American people â€Å"you† and himself â€Å"I†. Many people— unemployed orRead MoreThe Imperial Presidency By Arthur Schlesinger Jr. S. President Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagesbelieved to exemplify the values of the American people. There are certain powers allocated to the president by the United States Constitution, however; the responsibility and vacancy of the President tend to evolve from one president to the next. Characteristics of presidents and their effect on political decisions has beneficial aspects because if the president faces a sudden crisis, he is able to make quick and efficient decisions to protect the American people without waiting for Congress. This

Nickel Element Facts and Properties

Atomic Number: 28 Symbol: Ni Atomic Weight: 58.6934 Discovery: Axel Cronstedt 1751 (Sweden) Electron Configuration: [Ar] 4s2 3d8 Word Origin: German Nickel: Satan or Old Nick, also, from kupfernickel: Old Nicks copper or Devils copper Isotopes: There are 31 known isotopes of nickel ranging from Ni-48 to Ni-78. There are five stable isotopes of nickel: Ni-58, Ni-60, Ni-61, Ni-62, and Ni-64. Properties: The melting point of nickel is 1453Â °C, the boiling point is 2732Â °C, specific gravity is 8.902 (25Â °C), with a valence of 0, 1, 2, or 3. Nickel is a silvery white metal that takes a high polish. Nickel is hard, ductile, malleable, and ferromagnetic. It is a fair conductor of heat and electricity. Nickel is a member of the iron-cobalt group of metals (transition elements). Exposure to nickel metal and soluble compounds should not exceed 1 mg/M3 (8 hour time-weighted average for a 40 hour week). Some nickel compounds (nickel carbonyl, nickel sulfide) are considered to be highly toxic or carcinogenic. Uses: Nickel is used primarily for the alloys it forms. It is used for making stainless steel and many other corrosion resistant alloys. Copper-nickel alloy tubing is used in desalination plants. Nickel is used in coinage and for armor plating. When added to glass, nickel gives a green color. Nickel plating is applied to other metals to provide a protective coating. Finely divided nickel is used as a catalyst for hydrogenating vegetable oils. Nickel is also used in ceramics, magnets, and batteries. Sources: Nickel is present in most meteorites. Its presence is often used to distinguish meteorites from other minerals. Iron meteorites (siderites) may contain iron alloyed with 5-20% nickel. Nickel is commercially obtained from pentlandite and pyrrhotite. Deposits of nickel ore are located in Ontario, Australian, Cuba, and Indonesia. Element Classification: Transition Metal Physical Data Density (g/cc): 8.902 Melting Point (K): 1726 Boiling Point (K): 3005 Appearance: Hard, malleable, silvery-white metal Atomic Radius (pm): 124 Atomic Volume (cc/mol): 6.6 Covalent Radius (pm): 115 Ionic Radius: 69 (2e) Specific Heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 0.443 Fusion Heat (kJ/mol): 17.61 Evaporation Heat (kJ/mol): 378.6 Debye Temperature (K): 375.00 Pauling Negativity Number: 1.91 First Ionizing Energy (kJ/mol): 736.2 Oxidation States: 3, 2, 0. The most common oxidation state is 2. Lattice Structure: Face-Centered Cubic Lattice Constant (Ã…): 3.520 CAS Registry Number: 7440-02-0 Nickel Trivia German miners seeking copper would occasionally come across a red ore with flecks of green. Believing they had found copper ore, they would mine it and take it in for smelting. They would then find the ore produced no copper. They named the ore kupfernickel, or Devils copper since the Devil switched out the useful metal to confound the miners.In the 1750s, Swedish chemist Axel Cronstedt found kupfernickel to contain arsenic and a previously unknown element. We know now that kupfernickel is nickel arsenide (NiAs).Nickel is ferromagnetic at room temperature.Nickel is believed to be the second most abundant element in the Earths core after iron.Nickel is a component of stainless steel.Nickel has an abundance of 85 parts per million in the Earths crust.Nickel has an abundance of 5.6 x 10-4 mg per liter of seawater.Most nickel produced today finds its way into alloys with other metals.Many people are allergic to nickel metal. Nickel was named the 2008 Contact Allergen of the Year by the A merican Contact Dermatitis Society. References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001), Crescent Chemical Company (2001), Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952), CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics (18th Ed.) International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)

Summary Of An Orb Of White By Charles Darwin Essay

An Orb of White Charles Darwin once stated, â€Å"Looking to the world at no very distant date, what an endless number of the lower races will have been eliminated by the higher civilized races throughout the world,† after witnessing the path civilization was following after the introduction of Darwinism (A Quote by Charles Darwin). White individuals have been seen as innovative, powerful individuals, but are infamous for their pursuit of power, which includes the persecution of other races. This has been shown in countless racial and ethnic issues in countries whose population is mainly White, but individuals still insist that White supremacy is dead. However, this is not the case, as White supremacy is very much alive, almost as alive as in the past even. The world is and will forever be White, as White individuals are exceeding their countless racial counterparts economically, socially, and historically. Caucasians are dominating civilization economically. In terms of econo mics, Whites are notorious for their stunning outperformance of other races. Unemployment rates in America are a fine demonstration, as Whites have an unemployment rate of 4.3%, while African and Hispanics have unemployment rates well over 5% (Unemployment Demographics†). In median household incomes, Whites earn 6000$ more annually than all other races, aside from Asians, who are overrepresented high-income areas, while earning 15,000$ more than Hispanic and African Americans (Perlberg; Austin). An even

Mary Shelley s Frankenstein And The Strange Case Of Dr....

Scientific Integrity in Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: Compare and Contrast Science plays an integral role in the development and findings of many great things that we can benefit from. Integrity along with a specific set of moral standards must always be followed in order to ensure the end result enables a healthy environment for all whom wish to benefit from such studies. Integrity must always play and be the most essential key role in scientific research. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1831) and Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) one is able to conclude that integrity must be maintained while conducting scientific research as a lack of can result in the creation of monsters. In Frankenstein, there are endless possibilities in regards to science. Shelley is able to relay a message of integrity and moral importance through creation and destruction. Dr. Frankenstein had little to no regard for integrity while conducting his experiment. He allowed his desires to influence and ultimately create a monster in his basement, and while doing so he did not consider nor ask for input from his fellow colleagues. Victor Frankenstein’s loss in the battle between nature and science foreshadows destruction for Walton, as he too foresees he is nearing his journey. â€Å"Its productions and features may be without example, as the phenomena of the heavenly bodies undoubtedly are in those undiscovered solitudes. What may not be expected in a country ofShow MoreRelatedThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde Essay975 Words   |  4 PagesStevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is a novella that follows the basic outline established by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein. However, Stevenson’s monster is not created from body parts but comes from the dark side of the human personality. In both novels, a man conducts a secret experiment that gets out of control. The result of these experiments is the release of a double, or doppelganger, which causes damage to their creator. While most people think that The Strange Case of Dr. JekyllRead MoreWhat Makes A Monster? Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pagesnovels such as Frankenstein and The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the monsters have been portrayed as these ugly petrifying beasts however if you look closely you realize that although the alleged â€Å"monster† is a heinous perpetrator committing sins of evil, the true monster of the story is man. The creators of these evil demonic beings are the ones lacking morals and common principles that result in the monstrous acts of their creations. In Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein, originally publishedRead MoreFrankenstein And Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1595 Words   |  7 Pages Though the books were published almost seven decades apart the monsters in Frankenstein and Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde share many similarities: They were both created in laboratories by European scientists for somewhat morally suspect purposes, both were outcasts of society, and murdered characters secondary to their creator. Even in their final days they followed a similar archetype by taking the lives of their creators before ending their own. One should ask the question why these stories have stoodRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1035 Words   |  5 PagesHyde-ing In Plain Sight: The Duality of Dr. Jekyll Robert Louis Stevenson s initial notoriety came as an avatar of expansive adventure fiction, most famously through 1883 s Treasure Island. Just three years later, however, he would cement his status as one of the 19th century s most popular and versatile writers by releasing the horror suspense novel, The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. It s a testament to Stevenson s concept of the duality of man-- the pious intellectual and the wantonRead More Science Fiction Explored in Frankenstein, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and The Invisible Man2057 Words   |  9 PagesThe Legacy of Science Fiction Explored in Frankenstein, Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde and The Invisible Man Science Fiction is a branch of literature that explores the possibilities of human scientific advances, especially technological ones. Mary Shelleys Frankenstein (published in 1818) was a precursor of the genre which was established by Jules Vernes novels of the late 1800s. HG Wells at the turn of the twentieth century brought more scientific rigour in his works, such as The Time MachineRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde3074 Words   |  13 PagesFrankenstein by author Mary Shelley is a Gothic science fiction novel written in Switzerland between 1816–1817, and published January 1, 1818. Set in eighteenth century Geneva, Frankenstein tells the story of a young man by the name of Victor who goes away to college to study natural philosophy, chemistry, and alchemy. When armed with the knowledge he has long been seeking, Victor spends months constructing a creature out of old body parts, and in the secrecy of his apartment, brings his creationRead MoreThe Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1822 Words   |  8 PagesThe Use of Space in Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde (1886) is widely regarded as one of the most prominent works of Gothic fiction. The story has over the years become ingrained into the collective human consciousness, providing a cautionary, often-sensationalised tale of the mysteries of human nature and of our dual capacity of being simultaneously good and evil. As a genre, Gothic fictionRead MoreHomosexuality in Victorian and Elizabethan Literature.6608 Words   |  27 Pagesmaking men faint like women, and making women powerful like men, and called it Dracula. Mary Shelley created a a physical being out of a mans suppressed homosexuality due to his Victorian male upbringing; a man named Frankenstein. Robert Stevenson described what happens when a homosexual male attempts to live double lives to cover up his true feelings, and entitled it The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The Elizabethan era, like the Victorian era, had its own view of homosexuality. Iago,Read MoreStandards, Biases And Betrayal : Othello By William Shakespeare And Frankenstein 1316 Words   |  6 PagesDaniel Mascola World Literature 5/31/16 Standards, Biases and Betrayal Othello by William Shakespeare and Frankenstein by Mary Shelley share a common theme: betrayal. Victor Frankenstein betrays the monster he created, and Iago betrays his superior in command, Othello. In both cases, the person betrayed was viewed as an outcast whose physical appearance threatened established societal norms. In late sixteenth century Europe, the vast majority of people were white. The belief that they were raciallyRead More The Changing Role of Science Fiction Essay2351 Words   |  10 Pagesname a few.    Many scholars agree that the birth of science fiction came about in 1818 with the publication of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein. Shelley wrote in the popular style of the time, which lead many to believe her novel more Gothic than SF, but the creation of the monster and the questions that arose from that creation are wholly science fiction. Although Shelley had no real scientific background, and thus no terrific amount of process description in her novel, the scientific ideas

Casting Crowns free essay sample

The first time I heard Casting Crowns, I was In church and the song, Voice of Truth, was playing. Voice of Truth Is a beautiful song and actually the first song that got me Interested In singing along In church. Just by hearing one song I was so encouraged to sing, and I did not care who was listening to me or what they were thinking. All of Casting Crowns songs are phenomenal, but Voice of Truth is a song that really stands out to me because of the great experience I had with the song.Voice of Truth talks about the kind of faith you have to have to come out of your comfort zone and stand up for God. The sentence in Voice of Truth, And hes holding out his hand puts a great image in my head. I love the thought of God holding his hand out to me. We will write a custom essay sample on Casting Crowns or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Voice of Truth also talks about how your peers, which in the song It refers to them as the waves, are calling out your name and laughing at you, reminding you of all the times you have tried before and failed, but the voice of truth, which Is God, says, Do not be afraid! This Is for my glory. Voice of Truth ends y saying, I will choose to listen and believe the voice of truth. It was really hard for me to come out of my comfort zone at first, but Voice of Truth has encouraged me to do so. Another great song by Casting Crowns is Life of Praise. Life of Praise talks about how I will love and praise the Lord not Just for the things He has done for me and the changes He has made in me, but because He his holy. Life of Praise goes on to talk about how the Lord is your strength when you are weak and your rock that protects you. Basically, Life of Praise is Just talking about how great our God is and how we raise Him and love Him because He is our God. What If His People Prayed is another song that has really touched me. The words in this song are so true and powerful. What If HIS People Prayed talks about If people prayed more often, or even at all. What If HIS People Prayed? What If the armless of the Lord picked up and dusted off their swords, vowed to set the captives free, and not let Satan have one more. What if the life that we pursue came from a hunger for the truth, what if the family turned to Jesus and stopped asking Opera what to do? The words to What If His People Prayed are self-explanatory. This song really makes you think about if more people prayed and turned to God for their problems how much better the world could be today. I highly recommend listening to Casting Crowns. I have introduced only a few of the many wonderful songs Casting Crowns has. Each and every song is very touching and has a great lesson to it. You will love Casting Crowns and hopefully some of the songs will touch your heart and mean something to you. By libertarians Casting Crowns is my favorite band, their first album is called Casting Crowns.The first time I heard Casting Crowns, I was in church and the song, Voice of Truth, was playing. Voice of Truth is a beautiful song and actually the first song that got me interested in singing along in church. Just by hearing one song I was so encouraged the song it refers to them as the waves, are calling out your name and laughing at truth, which is God, says, Do not be afraid! This is for my glory. Voice of Truth ends in this song are so true and powerful. What If His People Prayed talks about if people prayed more often, or even at all. What If His People Prayed?

Cochlear Limited

Question: Discuss about the Cochlear Limited. Answer: Introduction Expanding internationally is a very big thing for every company and all the companies think of expanding globally so that they can increase there market share and earn more and more of profits. There are many problems that are being faced by the companies who plan to expand their global business as expansion is not a cup of tea for every business there are lots of researches and surveys required before a company puts its first step in any country where not even the customers but also the market is different as compared to the home country.(Marketing 91 2000) This report covers the international expansion of Cochlear Limited and the problems it faced during its expansion.(Ahlstrom 2010) Before moving towards the expansion techniques used by the Cochlear Limited the strategic analysis of the current position of the company will be carried on. The report will include the current position of the company and its international expansion. What are its success mantras along with its weakness es and what are the steps the company has taken to overcome the weaknesses. The various marketing factors that has affected the Cochlear Limited, The SWOT analysis of the company, Boston matrix and the various strategies.(Rameshan 2006) Background Cochlear Limited is a very well known company of Australia that provides the various hearing solution all over the globe. There have been many innovative solutions delivered by the company for more three decades. The Cochlear limited is a global leader that has its main focus on gaining the competitive advantage. There are various local distributors who help the company in selling its products in various other countries. The main focus company has is in providing value to its customers by the help of its products that are of very high quality and the services that are brilliant. The innovation in the Cochlear limited is focused on the better consumer experience and consistency. The company has a very well developed customer information system for delivering its products and services that match the needs and the tastes and preferences of the customers. (Philip 2014) The Cochlear limited has developed a small hearing device that helps the deaf person to hear. The company is working har d in improving its technology so that it can provide better products and services to its customers and satisfy them. It is seen that presently the Cochlear limited is mainly concerned in adopting various strategies so that it could gain competitive advantage along with sustainable growth. (Gupta 2014) Cochlear limited is considered to be a very high value added manufacturer without any established domestic market and that broke from a conventional wisdom. (COCHLEAR 2013)The current CEO of Cochlear limited is Chris Roberts who describes Cochlear Limited as a thirty-year old startup. According to the reports of the Access Economies it has been found that one out of six people in Australia are affected by hearing loss due to which the hearing loss has been increasing over the time. Also it has been estimated that this figure could increase to one in four people in Australia till the year 2050. Singapore is the country that is based upon the principles of quality, globalization, productivity and integrity. Singapore has been ranked as number one in the ease of doing the business according to the World bank as it has competitive corporate tax rates, infrastructure that includes developing knowledge economies and strategic location that is fit for expanding the exports to the various As ian Pacific regions. For the better identification of the strategies that are used by the company from time to time it becomes very important to know external as well as the internal environment of the company. Various strategic tools like Porters Five Forces Model, PESTLE analysis and value chain analysis have been used for the development of the strategies of the Cochlear(Utkarsh 2015). This assessment shall be responsible for the evaluation of the competitive position of Cochlear limited along with the attractiveness of the company with Singapore as a place for conducting its business and sustaining various advantages and making various recommendations that may concern the implementation of the different global strategies. Company Analysis PEST Analysis The PEST analysis helps in analysis the four macro environmental elements of Cochlear limited so that a better understanding of the external environment of the company can be known. Political Factors: The political factors are the factors that refer to the intervention of a government in the business, policies and the economy. The government of a particular nation impacts the infrastructure, health, and economy of a particular company. As Cochlear limited carries out its operations in various other countries so it becomes very important for Cochlear Limited to align itself to the laws and legislations of every country. (Nelson and Smith 2007)There is lots of political stability in Singapore that has a positive impact on the business of the Cochlear limited. Also the proper tax planning in Singapore helps in boosting the economy. Much of the value is given to the medical regulatory implications in the Singapore that can affect the growth positions of the Cochlear limited in Singapore. All these factors need to be considered while the Cochlear Limited develops its strategies.(Vandenabeele 2006) Economic Factors: Singapore economy is a great economy. The economy of Singapore has great infrastructure facilities. The trade is strong in Singapore due to its transparent business environment due to which number of investors gets attracted towards the economy of Singapore. The strength of the Singapore economy has proved out to be very advantageous for the business operations of the Cochlear Limited. Moreover it can be seen that the Cochlear Limited has been operating in various countries that has robust and stable economy like Germany, France, United Kingdom and Switzerland. Social Factors: The main impact on the strategic design of the business is of the social factors. If we analyze the social structure of Singapore than it can be found that the population of the Singapore has been growing at a very fast pace which is a very positive sign for the business of Cochlear Limited. The industry to which the Cochlear limited belongs is the medical technology that is also growing at a high pace so that it can provide better services to the growing population of the Singapore. Technological factors: Technology has a very vital role to play in the industry of Cochlear Limited as the advancement of technology helps in the production of new and innovative products. Various new products for the hearing solutions have been developed due to the technological innovations. It is required that the Cochlear limited develops long term and effective hearing aids solution for the satisfactions of its customers. (Cullen 2013) If the company wants to achieve customer satisfaction that it is important that it takes in to account the technological innovation. Porters Five Forces Analysis It has been suggested by Michael E. Porter that the company shall consider the five factors that have dominance on its industry. The various factors that are outside the industry and influence the nature of the competition are included in the Porters Five Forces analysis. It was suggested by the Porter that the competition is the key to the success of every business. The intensity of the rivalry that is faced by an organization determines how the organizations give away the value created by them. The companies either pass the value to the buyer in the form of low priced products or it is absorbed by the higher costs. The Five Forces for the hearing aid industry includes: Existing market rivalry among the competitors: (HIGH) There are many competitors of Cochlear limited that are operating all over the globe and giving tough competition to the Cochlear Limited. (Patibandla 2006) As Cochlear limited is a global leader in the hearing aid solution therefore the presence of strong competitors is creating great threat on the company. Some of the biggest competitors of the Cochlear limited that are operating in the market are Resound, Beltone, Oticon, Sonic, Phonak, Advanced Bionics, Starkey etc. All the competitors have adopted advanced technology so that they can innovate new products and deliver life time solutions to the hearing loss of its customers. There has been tough challenge given to the Cochlear Limited who has the global presence. For gaining the substantial growth it is required that the company adapts new technology so that it can reach the potential customers. So, here it can be concluded that there is high competition in the cochlear implant industry. Bargaining Power of the Buyers: (HIGH) There has been various implant mechanisms that have been developed by the Cochlear Limited through its intensive research and development. One of the major factors for developing high tech products is the technological advancements. There is a great growth of the medical technology industry due to rapid technological innovations. There is high bargaining power of suppliers as the number of suppliers for the Cochlear limited is less who is responsible for providing innovative products to the company. The suppliers have great power to dominate the market as they are limited. It is advisable that Cochlear limited maintains healthy relations with its suppliers. (Cullen 2013)Moreover the company shall choose the suppliers in a manner that the quality of the companys products is not hampered. It can be concluded from the analysis that the bargaining power of the suppliers is high. Bargaining Power of the Buyers: (LOW) The demand and the supply of the products decide the bargaining power of the customers. According to the reports of the World Health Organization it has been found that the demand fulfilled by the hearing aid solution is only 10% of the actual global requirement. So here the layman can imply that the demand is high as compared to its supply. The company needs more time and aid to meet the global need of the hearing aids. The number of customers who are in need of the hearing aid is significantly higher as and when compared to the production of the product the customer power is very low. So, here it can be concluded that the bargaining power of the customers is very low that has a positive impact on the Cochlear limited. Threats of New Entrants: (LOW) Medical industry requires a lot of capital and hence it is a capital intensive industry therefore this industry creates various barriers for the new entrants. The RD expenditure that is required in this industry is very high due to which the new entrants cannot attain economies of scale. Hence it is considered to be the major barrier for the organization for starting its venture. The other reason is that the global leaders who are operating in this industry have already been able to achieve the loyalty of the customers along with the economies of scale. The market leader have high profitability due to which they are able to invest huge amounts in there research and development so that they can bring new and innovative products in the market. Thus it can be said that the existing leaders can gain competitive advantage if they put themselves in to continuous improvements. Here, it can be concluded that the threat of new entrants in this industry is very low. Threats of substitute products: (LOW) The main purpose of the Cochlear Limited is to provide lifetime solutions to the hearing problems. The substitute for the cochlear implant is external hearing aid, but this product does not provide long term solution to the hearing loss problem and the deafness is not cured completely by this product. At present no solution is available that can cure the deafness completely on the long run. The company need not focus on its substitute products. Hence, it can be said that the substitute products availability for the cochlear limited is low as there is no substitute found for this industry so far. Strategic Positioning: These days the concept of positioning is applied by the various companies extensively in the various emerging markets. After the company has decided the target market or the segment market the next step that the company is required to take is deciding on how the product should be perceived in the consumers mind. Positioning as defined by Trout and Ries (1969) as the strategy for staking out turf or filling a slot in the mind of the target customers. (Annoymous 2008)There is no relation of the positioning with the product rather the main relation of the positioning is with what the marketer does with the target customer. Positioning is basically a two step process in which the first step involves clarifying which product shall be compared to. (Piercy 2008)And in the second step the differentiating characteristics of the brand are identified and communicated. Under the strategic positioning the future position of the organization is invented on the ground of the present and the predict able exploitations and then various programs are constructed for realizing that positioning. The positioning of the organization can be identified by SWOT analysis and the BCG matrix (Boston Consultation Group). The cash cow that is the high market share of the company and the low market share is identified by the BCG matrix. Whereas the Dogs are the low market share and the low growth. Stars show the companies which have high growth as well as high market share that includes the companies. Country Entry Analysis Singapore- The Economist Model According to the latest reports of the World Bank it has been found that the Singapore is the high-income economy. Singapore has a gross national income of $55,150 per capita as of the year 2014 according to the ATLAS method. It has one of the most business friendly regulatory environments for the various local entrepreneurs and it has also been ranked as the worlds most competitive economies.(World bank 2016). The company has a stable political system that has a track record of flexible and sound economic policies. Singapore-Market Potential Index Each year the market potential index is published by the globalEDGE so that the market attractiveness for the international business can be known. The detailed ranking of the 26 emerging countries is known through the market potential index. There are several dimensions on which the emerging markets are ranked that allow various appropriate strategies that can be developed for each country.(Pennisi 2013). There was a fall in the city state economy in the year 2015 and the insolvencies increased by +17 % in the year 2015.(G 2013) Recommendations Country Entry Mode There are various entry modes that a company can use to enter a particular country. Some of the entry modes includes licensing, Franchising, Exporting, Joint-ventures, wholly owned subsidiary and Acquisition. The company shall go through the various pros and cons of the different entry modes and decide which entry mode it shall use to enter a specific country. Structure Exporting Pros Cons Leverage brand in new markets Permits Gradual Market Entry Less financial Exposure Various Tariffs and trade barriers Conflict with the distributors Lack of control over marketing Licensing Pros Cons Low cost to access markets Avoid tariffs and other trade Give up control Dependency on the Licensee Franchising Pros Cons Low Financial Risks More control Franchisee have knowledge of local markets Dependency on the franchisee Conflict with franchisee May be it creates future competitor Acquisition Pros Cons Increase market power Overcome barriers entry High cost Integration difficulties Wholly Owned Subsidiary Pros Cons Maintain control over operations Strong protection of technology High investment Difficulties in speed and knowledge By going through the various pros and cons of the different entry modes it can be concluded that the best method of entry of Cochlear Limited in Singapore is Franchisee and exporting through which it can have its control over the company and the competition chances can also be minimized. Degree of Centralization There is a high degree of centralization for the Cochlear limited as it is a market leader with less number of competitors. It enjoys the position of the leader and attains profitability. The company has attained the loyalty of the customers due to which the customers prefer buying the products of the Cochlear limited rather than any other company. International HR practices One of the major strength that Cochlear limited has at its disposal is its employees. There are various employees from different departments like the sales department, marketing, research and development who work in collaboration to produce new and innovative products. The Cochlear limited practices various international HR practices and makes its employees capable of competing in the international market. Customization for local market There are lots of diagnostic techniques that are available in the local market and help in the growth of the Cochlear limited. The company needs to expand its research needs in order to expand the needs of the developing countries. Conclusion Hearing solutions to more than 2,50,000 people have been provided by the Cochlear Limited all over the globe. The main aim of the Cochlear limited is not just providing the products but also providing quality services to its customers. The company enjoys competitive advantage as it provides high quality services to its customers. A lifelong partnership has been formed by Cochlear limited. The company has gained leadership position in the market. The company understands the unique strategy by understanding the problems of the customers.(R. Griffin 2015)The company can take the help of various strategic theories and tools to be a successful player in the market, like the BCG matrix or the Ansoffs Product market matrix. The company can use either of these factors so that it can expand its business in a smooth and effective manner. 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